The Effects Of Sexual Abuse Among The Latino Community

Introduction The purpose of this paper is for the writer to analyze the effects of sexual abuse among the Latino community. The writer will be analyzing a client from the current field. A diagnosis will be given to the client and treatment plan will be developed. Review of Literature Demographics/ Epidemiology According to the U.S Bureau, the total U.S. population is 320,672,339 (U.S. Census, 2014). In 2014, there were a total of 54 million people of Hispanic culture living in the U.S. Making Hispanics the largest minority living in the U.S (U.S. Census, 2014). According to research b 2030, Latinos are expected to grow more than 73 million, or 20% in the U.S. (Chavez, Torrez and Adam). Hispanics make up 17% of the nation’s total population (U.S. Census, 2014). According to the U.S Department of Health and Human services in 2008, it was estimated that there was a total of 7772,000 abuse cases in which 20% of them involved Latino children, and 8% were sexual abuse cases. Socio-Cultural Factors When looking at Latino families who are faced with their children being a victim of sexual abuse, it is important to understand their culture and their values. Culture connects people of a same community together, and it gives individuals a unique identity which serves as the foundation for the principles of one’s life. Culture provides individuals with a common interest with one another in their society (Fontes, 2007). When Latinos are faced with their child being sexuallyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Violence On Hispanic Women Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesreview is relationship violence in Hispanics. Specifically, it will be physical and sexual abuse in intimate partners. It is mentioned that Hispanic women are less likely to report or use services available to anybody. The services that are available to them are healthcare and housing. As well as, therapy of any type. Also, Hispanic women are less likely to report abuse (Cho 2012). The reasons for not reporting abuse can vary depending on the legal status or living situation of the person being abusedRead MoreEthnic Minorities And The United States1712 Words   |  7 Pagesethnic minorities (e.g. Latino/as, African Americans, Asians, and American Indian/ Alaska Native). When compared to other ethnic groups, Latinos/as have showed an increase of about 43 % in the last 10 years; becoming one of the fastest growing populations in the United States (Census Bureau, 2010). However, it is important to note that this percentage of increase is not accounting for the Latinos/as that are undocumented; leaving us to question the actual number of Latino/a immigrants in the U.SRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence Essay1795 Words   |  8 Pagestype of abuse that occurs between people who are involved in a close relationship. â€Å"Intimate partner† is a term that is used to include both current and former spouses as well as dating partners. IPV exists along a continuum that ranges from a single episode of violence through ongoing battering. Incidents of IPV are known to include four basic types of behavior, including: Physical abuse, which is when a person either hurts or attempts to hurt their partner by physical force. Sexual abuse is theRead MoreWomen s Role On The Home, And Would This Create A Domino Effect? Essay1482 Words   |  6 Pagesbases in regards to Gender Violence in Latino Communities. To what extent do Latina women follow the societal expectations or roles a woman should have? What are the barriers that undocumented woman face when looking for resources, Is there stigma ties to undocumented women, or Latina women? Are societal expectations still a key role on women in these communities in regards to how to deal with domestic violence in the home, and would this create a domino effect? The research question this researchRead MoreIs The Duluth Method Of Bipp An Effective Treatment Program For Latinos?1414 Words   |  6 Pages Is the Duluth Method of BIPP an Effective Treatment Program for Latinos? JGS Texas State University Is the Duluth Method of BIPP an Effective Treatment Program for Latinos? Statement of the Problem Intimate partner violence or domestic violence is not only a physical incident between a couple. Domestic Violence encompasses physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological forms taken by a perpetrator against the victim. In Texas 77% of all Hispanic have either themselves or know someoneRead MoreTeenage Suicide On The Rise Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesdoing it themselves (Juvonen, 2012). Whereas, in Orange county between the years 2011-2013, there were 6.4 suicides for every 100,000 students due to some type of bullying (Childtrends.org, 2015). Regretfully, suicide is the leading cause of death among gay and lesbian youth, and 30% of gay youth attempt suicide near the age of 15 (Speakforthem.org). It is estimated in 2010, the national average suicide costs $1,164,499.00 and $44.6 billion a year in combined medical work loss costs. This estimationRead MoreHealth Disparities And Issues Among African Americans Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages3) DISPAIRITIES AMONG ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE AND THEIR IMPACTS a) Health disparities are the inequalities that appear in the arrangement of healthcare and approaches to healthcare across different racial, ethnic, sexual orientation and socioeconomic group. As indicated by healthcare resources and services administration, wellbeing variations are characterized as popular particular contrast in the vicinity of infection, wellbeing results or access to social insurance. In the united state, wellbeingRead MoreHIV Research Paper945 Words   |  4 Pagesdeclined 18% among young gay and bisexual males. In 2015, 8,807 youth were diagnosed with HIV in the United States with 80% of those diagnoses occurred in persons between the ages of 20 to 24. Among young adults diagnosed with HIV in 2015, 81% were gay or bisexual males. Of newly diagnosed males, 55% were black, 24% were Hispanic/Latino, and 16% were white. That same year, 1,489 youth were diagnosed with AIDS, representing 8% of total AIDS diagnoses that year. The status of sexual health educationRead MoreChild Sexual Violence And Sexual Abuse1371 Words   |  6 PagesChild on child sexual violence/assault cases has been on the rise. Sexual Violence is defined by Webster’s dictionary as any illegal sexual contact that usually involves force upon a person without consent or is inflicted upon a person who is incapable of giving consent (as because of age or physical or mental incapacity) or who places the assailant (as a doctor) in a position of trust or authority. There is growing understanding that the vast majority of children who has experienced sexual assault, areRead MoreBullying Starts at Home Essays1495 Words   |  6 Pageshierarchy of the family model. The man is at the head of the family; he and his sons are of the most importance, and the mother and children are secondary. This type of hierarchy often leads to bullying that begins in the home, and leaks out into the community, sometimes even an entire culture. What evide nce the literature available to date demonstrates ethnic groups, or culturally indentified customs that promote bullying behaviors in men? When someone thinks of bullying, a typical image that comes

Who is the Green Knight Essay - 1175 Words

Who is the Green Knight? The Green Knight is described as an unusual and supernatural figure in the fourteenth century story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Throughout the story he is portrayed as a very confident individual who intends to play a game with one of the knights of the Round Table. In doing this, the Green Knight hopes to show that the knights of the Round Table indeed have flaws and weaknesses; this is the Green Knights overall goal. However, the Green Knight himself can be viewed as a being prone to flaws and experiencing weaknesses. As the deceitful master plan he creates develops throughout the story, so does the truth behind his intentions for such a plan. Thus, the role and purpose of the Green Knight is to be†¦show more content†¦He offers his head to be cut off in exchange for a counterattack. What is unusual about the Green Knight is that he is known as the Green Knight throughout the story until Sir Gawain asks him for his name: How runs your right name? (208). The Green Knight explains to Sir Gawain how he has come to be known as the Green Knight. He explains to Sir Gawain that Bercilak de Hautdesert is his real name, and because of a magical lady known as Morgan le Faye, he is transformed into such a being. The Green Knight continues to explain that the reason she does this to him is all part of a plan to undermine Arthurs knights to cause his self-destruction. Morgan le Faye, who is Arthurs half-sister, later makes her goal to destroy her brothers kingdom and place her son, Mordred, on the throne. Because of this, the Green Knight is created by her to confuse Arthur and his men, She put this shape upon me to puzzle your wits (208), as well as to scare Guinevere. In the end, the plan works, as Sir Gawain fails the test and Morgan le Fayes scheme. The Green Knights test of Sir Gawain makes it clear that no man can be virtuous in everything he does. Morgan le Fayes scheme works as she not only achieves in making Sir Gawain fall from his knightly role as chivalrous and virtuous, but also uses the Green Knight for her plan. The fourteenth-century poem Sir Gawain andShow MoreRelatedArchetypes In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight829 Words   |  4 PagesGawain and the Green Knight. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight most characters or objects served to aid in the development of the hero by being either a situational, character, color, or a symbol archetype. The poem begins with a challenge being presented to the knights of the Round Table by the Green Knight. While seeing that no one else will accept the challenge, putting Camelot’s honor at stake, Gawain accepts and then realizes that in a year they must meet again and the Green Knight will returnRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight compares a super natural creature to nature. The mystery of the poem is ironic to the anonymous author. The story dates back into the fourteenth century, but no one knows who originally wrote the poem. This unknown author explains in the poem of Sir Gawain not knowing of the location of the Green Chapel and or who the Green Knight really is. This keeps the reader entertained with the suspicion of not knowing. The author then does not give his name orRead MoreAnalysis Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight955 Words   |  4 Pagesclassic medieval poem Sir Gawain and the Green Knight that is used to form a more captivating story and construct a deeper meaning to the plot. The color green certainly is a prominent color in the poem, especially with the Green Knight, who is literally green from head to toe. The Green Knight makes quite the entrance on his horse as he rides into Camelot disrupting King Arthur and his knight’s New Year’s Feast. The Green Knight has come to find out if the Knights of the Round Table are as loyal andRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Chivalry Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesKnights and shining armor, is a modern day description of knights. These knights road on horseback, jousted, b ut more importantly, served by a code. This was a code dealing with chivalry, in which knights obeyed by. The article Nighthood and Chivalry, defines it by, â€Å"In modern English, chivalry means the ideals, virtues, or characteristics of knights,† (Velde). There is one specific knight who shows this code in the story, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. The knight is Gawain, a noble and courageousRead MoreKnighthood And Chivalry In The Green Knight And Le Morte DArthur1055 Words   |  5 Pages In Medieval Time, knighthood and chivalry were very important. In their society, knights played a major role. Knights made sure that the towns were protected, and made sure everyone stayed safe including the King. Knights also had a system to follow which contained religious, moral, and social code-this system was named Chivalry. If you were considered as a knight, you had to follow this system at all times. Some acts that were included in chivalry was loyalty, honor, courage, and cour tesy. ManyRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1359 Words   |  6 Pagesthe poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† a protagonist emerges depicting an Arthurian knight named Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew, takes initiative by accepting the challenge requested by the Green Knight in place of his uncle. He undergoes a perilous adventure, seeking for the Green Knight to receive the final blow. Although Sir Gawain is not viewed as a hero for his military accomplishments, he is, however, viewed as a heroic figure by the Knights at the Round Table for his knightlyRead MoreSir Gawain and The Green Knight Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Green Knight† Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a very interesting and stimulating narration, filled with mystical creatures and wonderful details, the author known as Gawain-poet did a wonderful job in portraying the characters throughout the story. During the story, The Green Knight challenges King Arthur to a game, which Sir Gawain accepts. Gawain participates in the game by chopping the head off of the green knight, who picks it up and leaves, Gawain is to meet the green knight in aRead MoreArchetypal Characters In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight : Character Analysis1143 Words   |  5 Pagesages of literature, a story such as Sir Gawain and the Green Knight had many aspects of Joseph Campbell’s view of the hero’s journey. In the story of our character Sir Gawain accepts a â€Å"Call to adventure† (Campbell 45) and goes on a quest that will go through many of the archetypes. Likewise, there lies one character, The Green Knight, that can be many of the archetypal characte rs in the cycle of the hero’s journey. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight dramatically demonstrates how a single character canRead More Gawains Encounter with the Green Knight in the Green Chapel1577 Words   |  7 PagesGawains Encounter with the Green Knight in the Green Chapel Even though little is known about the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, it is considered to be one of the greatest romances of all time. The poem tells the story of one of Arthurs noblest and most courageous knights, Sir Gawain, who is in search of the Green Chapel: Sir Gawain ingeniously combines two plots, common in folklore and romance, although not found together elsewhere: the beheading contest, in which two partiesRead MoreAnalysis Of Part 1 Of Sir Gawain And The Green Knight837 Words   |  4 Pagesseems to govern Arthurs court? In Part 1 of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Arthurs court is governed the knights’ sense of duty, pride, and loyalty to their king. Celebrations of Camelot were considered to be the grandest and lavish feasts of the time. All of the wealthy knights and lords came to feast and enjoy the material pleasures at their disposal. Although they may seem rowdy and uncontrolled in their feasting, the knights remain bound to their codes of honor and chivalry. Even when a total

Analyses of the Extent to Which the Reliability Free Essays

In Ken Kesey’s One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, a patient suffering from schizophrenia was chosen to narrate the story, which greatly affects our perception of the events in the novel. The world that Kesey creates in the novel is through the eyes of Chief Bromden, a chronic patient in the ward. Bromden’s observant nature causes for very detailed descriptions of the events in the novel. We will write a custom essay sample on Analyses of the Extent to Which the Reliability or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chief fakes being deaf, and as a result, he is able to eavesdrop any conversation in the ward, often being able to reveal foreshadowing details, and otherwise secret information. Although these characteristics make him a reliable source and a good narrator, Chief’s schizophrenic episodes and paranoid nature create skewed views of reality, with very little distinction as to what is a literary device, or what is literally a hallucination. If the narration were given through a more rational character, such as McMurphy, the differentiation between delusion and actuality would have been more cogent. Using Chief Bromden as a narrator restricts the reader’s perception of the novel, despite this, a very reliable and creative perspective of the events is then created, which gives a huge edge to the novel. The very detailed accounts of the events make each scene seem more real. As the very descriptive narrator that Bromden is, the world that he describes is very unique. Chief uses the metaphor that the world is a â€Å"combine† in that it takes the undesirable or less than perfect members of society, mangles, chops, and slashes them into the proper shape and size for acceptability, and then spits them right back out. In the words of Bromden, â€Å"The ward is a factory for the Combine. It’s for fixing up mistakes made in the neighborhoods and in the schools and in the churches, the hospital is. When a completed product goes back out into society, all fixed up good as new, better than new sometimes, it brings joy to the Big Nurse’s heart. † It’s these kinds of comparisons made by Bromden that are exclusively his own, and explain the types of views held by the beats generation, such as their views on the dangers of conformity. Despite the extensive detail used in Bromden’s descriptions, such as the striking detail used in describing Nurse Ratched’s log book â€Å"They spy on each other. Sometimes one man says something about himself that he didn’t aim to slip, and one of his buddies†¦ sidles over to the big log book by the Nurses’ Station and writes down the piece of information he heard of- of therapeutic interest to the whole ward, is what the Big Nurse says the book is for†¦ † But on the other side of the spectrum, Bromden’s schizophrenia adds a sort of shroud to the perception that people get from his narrations. So she really lets herself go and her painted smile twists, stretches to an open snarl, and she blows up bigger and bigger, big as a tractor, so big I can smell the machinery inside the way you smell a motor pulling too big a load† in any other novel, this sort of observation would be passed off simply as literary devices, but Chief Bromden actually perceives Nurse Ratched as getting bigger as a result of the anger caused by conduct not being followed in her ward. These hallucinations that occur regularly in the novel have a huge affect on the reader’s perception of events in the novel, because the reader can experience through the eyes of a person who is actually mentally ill, which makes the novel and the events within it all the more relevant to those reading it. Utilizing the facade that he was deaf, Bromden would consistently listen in on Nurse Ratched and other members and staff in the ward, and his nonchalant way of doing it made him a very indispensible, integral character to the plot. Most of the foreshadowing events that Chief conveys to the reader was overheard from people in the ward. Believeing he was deaf, Nurse Ratched would constantly, unknowingly, disclose confidential information to Chief when he would over hear her discussing this information. For example, Chief Bromden overheard the doctors discussing amongst themselves how to best deal with McMurphy and the disruptive behavior that he brought to the ward. The doctors were arguing over weather or not to send him to the Disturbed branch of the hospital. As the doctors debated amongst themselves, Nurse Ratched eventually intervened, â€Å"He is simply a man and no more, and is subject to all fears and all the cowardice and all the timidity that any other man is subject to. Given a few more days, I have a strong feeling that he will prove this, to us as well as the rest of the patients. If we keep him on the ward I am certain his brashness will subside, his self-made rebellion will dwindle to nothing, and our redheaded hero will cut himself down to something patients will all recognize and lose respect for† this suggestion made by Mildred foreshadows her intentions for McMurphy, and is a very good example of how Bromden’s faking of being â€Å"Deaf Dumb† adds to his ability and reliability of being able to deliver good perception of the novel to the reader. Ken Kesey’s choice to use Bromden as a narrator has many positives and negatives. Bromden is able to act as a very effective channeler of information to the reader, as he is able to secretly eavesdrop on confidential conversations that give light to the shady events that take place in the ward. Bromden’s ability to describe and explain events in the novel in such extraordinary detail help the reader better understand the plot and complexities in the story. Despite all of this, Bromden’s aggressive mental illness creates many defects in the delivery of understanding and sense to the reader. The atmosphere of the ward can often be obstructed by the â€Å"fog† that Bromden’s paranoia constantly drags him into, and these brief escapes from reality, although very engaging and intimate, can hinder the reader’s ability to comprehend the content of the novel. Kesey’s use of hallucinations also put up another wall in the perception of the reader, because the differentiation between veracity and phantasm is very hard to make. Overall, Bromden’s position as narrator is very successful in delivering the main points and fundamental values of the Beat inspired Kesey, such as the importance of individualism, the dangers of blind conformity, and the natural human quality of spontaneity. 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Stable Equilibrium Condition Level

Question: Discuss about the Stable Equilibrium Condition Level. Answer: Introduction Typically, a stable economic equilibrium occurs at an output level in which the aggregate demand curve for goods and services intersects with both the long run and short run aggregate supply curve. Mainly, this is due to the fact that the point of intersection between the three curves represents the optimal level of output and price in the economy. As such, the optimal point denotes the level of full employment equilibrium. Notably, the level of growth and the prevailing employment rate is at the target level. In addition, there are no fluctuations in the economy that may create pressure to increase the price level or change the level of output being produced within the economy. For this reason, the economy remains at stable equilibrium at the point where the LRAS, the aggregate demand curve, and the SRAS all intersect. A stable economic equilibrium necessitates that all factors in the economy are stable and the economy is operating at an output level that allows full employment equilibrium. At this point, the level of inflation, as well as the level of unemployment, must be maintained at minimal levels. Additionally, the economy must be operating at long term equilibrium where there are no pressures in the economy to change prices or the level of output. Furthermore, the output produced must be equal to the potential level output (Macroeconomic Phenomena, n.d.). By and large, the aggregate demand curve graphically represents the connection between the prices and the amount of real output demanded by the government, firms, and households, ceteris paribus. It also caters for the net exports (Aggregate Demand, n.d.). Likewise, the SRAS depicts the connection between price level and the amount of real GDP supplied over the short term. On the other hand, the LRAS curve illustrates the connection between the prices in the economy and the real GDP quantity supplied in the long term. Essentially, the LRAS depicts that over the long term period, the rise in price levels do not affect the level of real GDP in the economy (Mayer, 2016). It is important to note that in the short run, the level of real GDP attained may either be above or below the potential GDP that can be achieved by the countrys economy. However, in the long run, macroeconomic equilibrium is achieved. At this point, the level of real GDP obtained in the economy equals the potential level of GDP in the country. Particularly, this is attributed to the fact that as the amount of output moves towards the potential real GDP, the level of unemployment is also reduced and moves towards the natural level of employment in the long term. Short-Run Equilibrium Normally, the short-run equilibrium output is either less than or more than the potential output level of the economy. In this case, the economy is unstable, and the level of prices and output keep fluctuating in a bid to establish temporary equilibrium. Basically, when the output level is below the long term equilibrium, a deflationary pressure arises. Mainly, this is because there is a downward pressure exerted on the prices, forcing them to fall. Consequently, this brings about a recessionary gap in the economy. For as long as the recession exists, the economy remains unstable as prices and real GDP fluctuate until an equilibrium is achieved in the long run. On the other hand, when the attained output is greater than the potential output, inflationary pressure may arise. Particularly, this occurs because there is a gap between the achieved real GDP and the potential output of the economy creating instability in the economy. Thus, the economy remains unstable in the short run until a long term equilibrium is obtained at the point where the aggregate demand curve, LRAS, and SRAS all meet. Fundamentally, this concept is best explained using the neo-classical school of thought. In this model, the LRAS curve shows the level of output that can be obtained within a given economy over the long term period (Mayer, 2015). The long run equilibrium is attained at the point where all the three curves intersect. At this optimal point, the economy is operating at full employment. Additionally, both the factor market and the goods market are believed to have cleared. What is more, the labor market is also cleared as all the available workers are employed at the prevailing market wage rate (Khan, n.d.). At the point of intersection, the economy is operating at the potential output level. However, the area to the left of the LRAS curve occurs when the economy is operating below the possible level. There is also a recessionary gap. Thus, there is additional room to increase performance levels to obtain more output. As a result, various economic forces work together to adjust prices, wages and output to bring the economy to a stable equilibrium. Similarly, the area to the right of the LRAS shows the economy is operating above the potential real GDP level (Michaillat Saez, 2013). In turn, this creates inflationary pressure. Prices, real wages, and output continue to increase. Conclusion Often, the government is forced to instigate expansionary fiscal and monetary policies during times of recession and contractionary policies during inflation to bring the economy to full employment level. Through this policies, the government is able to regulate the level of output in the economy and direct it towards long term equilibrium. By and large, the policies result in slowing or stimulating growth in the economy to move towards optimal levels. It is only after the optimal level is achieved in the long term that the economy attains a stable economic equilibrium. Notably, this point occurs only at the point where the LRAS and the SRAS curves intersect with the aggregate demand curve. References Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply. Lardbucket.org. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/macroeconomics-principles-v1.1/s10-aggregate-demand-and-aggregate.html Khan, S. Aggregate demand and aggregate supply. Khan Academy. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/macroeconomics/aggregate-supply-demand-topic Logan, C. (2016). Macroeconomics Unit 3 part 5. Doc slide. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://docslide.us/documents/macroeconomics-unit-3-part-5-pl-qrealgdpy-ad-lras-pl-1-yfyf-sras-y1y1.html Macroeconomic Phenomena in the AD/AS Model. Whitenova.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://www.whitenova.com/thinkEconomics/simul.html Mayer, D. (2016). AP Macroeconomics by David Mayer. Slideplayer.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/2438942/ Michaillat, P. Saez, E. (2013). A Model of Aggregate Demand and Unemployment (1st ed., pp. 5-21). Massachusetts: Cambridge. Retrieved from https://eml.berkeley.edu/~saez/michaillat-saezNBER13july.pdf Moore, L. (2016). Chapter 9- Aggregate Supply, Aggregate Demand Is the market economy of U.S. stable? How do we know? What can keep the economy stable? Government or Private. Slideplayer.com. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/9551598/ Pettinger, T. (2011). Difference between SRAS and LRAS. Economics Help. Retrieved 9 January 2017, from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/2860/uncategorized/difference-between-sras-and-lras/

Cather In The Rye - Language Essays - Literary Realism,

Cather in the Rye - Language The passage of adolescence has served as the central theme for many novels, but J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye, long a staple in academic lesson plans, has captured the spirit of this stage of life in hyper-sensitive form, dramatizing Holden Caulfield's vulgar language and melodramatic reactions. Written as the autobiographical account of a fictional teenage prep school student Holden Caulfield, The Catcher in the Rye deals with material that is socially scandalous for the times (Gwynn, 1958). As an emotional, intelligent, inquisitive, and painfully sensitive young man, Holden puts his inner world to the test through the sexual mores of his peers and elders, the teachings of his education, and his own emerging sense of self. Throughout the years, the language of the story has startled some readers. Salinger's control of Holden's easy, conversational manner makes the introduction of these larger themes appear natural and believable. (Bloom, 1990). At the time of the novel through today, Holden's speech rings true to the colloquial speech of teenagers. Holden, according to many reviews in the Chicago Tribune, the New Yorker, and the New York Times, accurately captures the informal speech of an average intelligent, educated, northeastern American adolescent (Costello, 1990). Such speech includes both simple description and cursing. For example, Holden says, "They're nice and all", as well as "I'm not going to tell you my whole goddam autobiography or anything." In the first instance, he uses the term "nice" which oversimplifies his parents' character, implying he does not wish to disrespect them, yet at the same time he does not praise them. At best he deems them as "nice and all." Holden further cuts short his description, but in a more curt manner, when he states he will not tell his "whole goddam autobiography or anything." From the start the reader picks up Holden's hostility and unwillingness to share his views strictly by his use of language (Salzman, 1991). From the last two examples, another colloquialism can be seen. Holden has a habit of ending his descriptions with tag phrases such as "and all" or "or anything." (Salzman, 1991). Not only does Holden speak like this in the beginning of the novel, but throughout the book, making this pattern a part of his character. One could imagine Holden frequently ending his sentences with "and all," realizing it is a character trait since not all teenagers used that phrase. So the "and all" tag to Holden's speech served to make his speech authentic and individual. (Salzman, 1991). Salinger intentionally used such speech patterns to help individualize Holden, yet to also make him a believable teenager of the early 1950's. Another example of how Holden's speech helped define his character is how he constantly had to confirm any affirmation he made, as if even he did not quite believe himself. Such reconfirmations include phrases such as "...if you want to know the truth," or "...it really does." Holden says the first phrase several times. "I have no wind, if you want to know the truth," "I'm pacifist, if you want to know the truth," and a variation: "She had a lot of sex appeal, too, if you really want to know." In each of the above instances, Holden makes a statement then feels compelled to clarify that is he is not making it up but is, in fact, telling the truth. These mannerisms may point to several aspects of his character. For example, Holden is on the verge of failing out of preparatory school and fears telling his parents. Because he did not do well in school, Holden may have felt as though no one ever took him seriously and realized his actions left him with no solid academic standing. Since Ho lden is essentially a failure at school with no serious friendships, he attempts to solidify some communication in asking for approval by stating "if you want to know the truth." Holden wants people to believe him so he speeks to seek approval (Costello, 1990). Again, Salinger creates this speech pattern as believable for a common teenager, yet it also seems to belong individually to Holden. The Catcher in the Rye gained much of its notoriety for the language used in

Nobelium Facts - No Element

Nobelium Facts - No Element NobeliumBasic Facts Atomic Number: 102 Symbol: No Atomic Weight: 259.1009 Discovery: 1957 (Sweden) by the Nobel Institute for Physics; April 1958 at Berkeley by A. Ghiorso, T. Sikkeland, J.R. Walton, and G.T. Seaborg Electron Configuration: [Rn] 7s2 5f14 Word Origin: Named for Alfred Nobel, discoverer of dynamite and founder of the Nobel Prize. Isotopes: Ten isotopes of nobelium are recognized. Nobelium-255 has a half-life of 3 minutes. Nobelium-254 has a half-life of 55-s, Nobelium-252 has a half-life of 2.3-s, and Nobelium-257 has a half-life of 23-s. Sources: Ghiorso and his colleagues used a double-recoil technique. A heavy-ion linear accelerator was used to bombard a thin target of curium (95% Cm-244 and 4.5% Cm-246) with C-12 ions to produce No-102. The reaction proceeded according to the 246Cm(12C, 4n) reaction. Element Classification: Radioactive Rare Earth Element (Actinide Series) Nobelium Physical Data Melting Point (K): 1100 Appearance: Radioactive, synthetic metal. Atomic Radius (pm): 285 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.3 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): (640) Oxidation States: 3, 2 References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) Return to the Periodic Table

I just need the bibliography to be done Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

I just need the bibliography to be done - Essay Example 2006. africaresource. 17 Dec. 2007 . 8. Kiehl, Stephen. â€Å"Cashing in on the pop and hip-hop name-drop†. Baltimore Sun. 2004. Commercial Alert. 17 Dec. 2007 . 9. Mattus, Carolyn. â€Å"Hip-hops evolution, success examined†. THE HEIGHTS. 2005. BCHEIGHTS.com. 17 Dec. 2007 . 11. Silverstien, Matt. â€Å"Concerning Hip-Hop: A Repressive Agent or Vehicle for Activism?† Commercial Hip-Hop and Social Grassroots. 2006. africaresource. 17 Dec. 2007 . 14. â€Å"Since 1994, violent crime rates have declined, reaching the lowest level ever in 2005†. Bureau of Justice Statistics. 2006. Office of Justice Programs. U.S. Department of Justice. 17 Dec. 2007 . 16. Howard, Theresa. â€Å"Rapper 50 Cent sings a song of business success†. Advertising & Marketing. 2005. USA TODAY. 17 Dec. 2007 . 21. Ogunnaike, Lola. â€Å"Jay-Z, From Superstar to Suit†. The New York Times. 2005. NYTimes.com. 17 Dec. 2007 . 24. Wasserman, Todd. â€Å"Playing The Hip-Hop Name Drop†. Brandweek. 2005. ISIDE BRANDED ENTERTAINMENT. 17 Dec. 2007

The State of Classical Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The State of Classical Music - Essay Example However, after the depression, the perceived social role of classical music as a free cultural good and capital started declining. This is mainly because the audience did not experience or feel the musicians’ sense of humanity or impulse from their (musicians) stage performances. As a result, the audience remained ultimately impenetrable and unwelcoming. Due to the challenges modern individuals are currently going through, there is an urgent need for a change in the kind of music from classical to another genre so that the musicians can be able to reach everyone around the world, emotionally, spiritually, socially or psychologically. Therefore, classical music is in a downward trend since the depression period. Classical music has been declining slowly over the years. In fact, Vanhoenacker (2014) argues that classical music is dead. There are many reasons explaining why classical music is actually dying. For instance, famous individuals are leaving the industry in droves bringing down the classical industry. As a result, classical music will face a shortage of artists in the near future .This is because few new artists are involved in composing and singing this kind of music. Another major reason why classical music is declining around the globe is that classical music is very costly; meaning it is too expensive to stage. Furthermore, the world is changing and individuals in America are accepting the new pop culture and leaving the old behind. Classical music is majorly for the old as the audience is generally made up of the old guys who cannot cheer up but rather, sit quietly and watch. Nevertheless, as popular culture is being taken into account, the youth will want something new that wi ll yield a different experience. They will thus abandon classical music which is termed as old (Vanhoenacker 2014). Finally, musicians also want a break from classical music

Technical proposal assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technical proposal - Assignment Example In this regard, my institution is not able to accurately and timely analyze students’ data to inform future planning, strategy and service provision. As Campbell (2007) states, students’ intake and new admissions continue to increase while new programs continue to be adopted day by day by the college. The ever increasing records are difficult to handle just by a filing system, hence there is need to develop an effective, accurate and efficient way of managing students record. The students’ record management system that is automated is the right technical change for the college. Students’ record management system is a computerized students’ record management platform that allows students, institution, teachers and administrators to interact. Students’ records help in enhancing students and institution relationship, providing services, facilities and support to the students, measuring and controlling students academic achievement at the institution and subsequently and support to the alumni. The automation of the students’ record system is expected to improve on accuracy and effectiveness of information capturing retrieval and generation of reports for each student. This would eliminate the loss of data improve services in the administration since accessing information would be within a short time. The proposed students’ record management system refers to the computerized network distribution system that allows for the management of records involving the students in college or a learning institution. This technology will enhance a number of functions within the administration concerning the students’ records including registration of students in their respective programs, manage their fee data bases, manage their examination records and manage their accommodation booking and allocation as shown in figure 1. This is a software program application that is intended to provide timely information about all the

Japanese Policing Is Illustrated Criminology Essay

Japanese Policing Is Illustrated Criminology Essay Following the establishment of the London metropolitan police by Sir Robert Peel in 1829, the arrangement of police forces throughout the country was a cumulative process, with each anew local police force operating according to the needs of individual communities they served. Hence, policing was part of the self-directed process insofar as was it was proposed to reflect the needs of the public. In that history, the roots of English policing lay in a particular functionary. The principles of community oriented policing in Britain in addition to several important aspects of its practice e.g. neighbourhood patrols can be traced to the creation of professional policing in the nineteenth century and the ways in which the police mandate was established. Early authors of British policing such as Peel established the notion that effective policing can only be attained with the consent of the community. Established in 1829, The Peelian Principles currently are applicable and used in law enforcement agencies and community policing organizations across the world today. The principles preserve the notion of policing by consent which has been at the core of British policing since. The second and third principles state that the police would not be able to operate without the active co-operation of the community (ACPO 2012). Community policing involves and is seemingly justified as necessary by the Peelian Principles stated above. This remains the case, but the diffi culties facing communities alongside the police have altered over time. In the Peelian model, found in Britain, the police are less pervasive of community than their authoritarian counterparts and, while it is accepted that they do perform an array of servicing tasks, police organizations are more generally equipped towards emergency response and law enforcement than routine intervention in neighbourhood life. In Eastern organisations such as Japan, argues Bayley (1982, police are used as an important element in social control, but in contrast with the other two models, tends to maintain order through harnessing the forces of informal social control. Rather than the use of robust and legal authority, they cultivate community involvement in crime control through extensive, service-style interactions with the community by example and persuasion allowing them to become an integrated part of the Japanese community in which they can regularly advise, engage and mediate functions (Bayley 1976). This conforms systematically to the ideal of the koban In western models of community policing the main function of the police is to maintain order, and where the citizen commonly fails to recognise the legitimacy of the state and its agents, the police. In such societies, the police may carry out a range of administrative tasks on behalf of the state, but rarely provide a public service that addresses the needs of the community. In comparison, a community-oriented system like Japan is one where the main function of the police is to provide a public service that addresses the wider needs of the community as distinguished by the Koban and Chuzaisho. The emphasis here is more on crime as indicative of community problems as an affront to authority. Such a model adopts that the police are afforded considerable legitimacy by local communities. Community policing elements in UK are, for example, incorporated in the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. It facilitates for the administration of crime surveys to organise local priorities in respect to crime and disorder. The English tradition of high levels of discretion and decentralisation of the police service also fit a community-oriented policing style. Community policing is also in operation, albeit sometimes seemingly in disguise, in Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands. When introduced in western societies it often means that a shift is made towards either more local efforts on crime prevention, a reprioritisation of non-emergency services, increased public accountability or a decentralisation of decision-making on policing (Skolnick and Bayley 1988). Police officers seem to have a great deal of respect in Japan, and koban officers are generally proud of their neighbourhood and the work they do. Needless to say, in many countries around the globe this is not quite the case. Lack of trust between police and citizens will make effective community policing almost impossible. For example following Scarman report (Scarman 1981) on Brixton riots, it focused attention on the needs for the police to develop closer engagements with members of the communities that they served. This led to the sense police were disconnected from the community and as a consequence they lacked the legitimacy required to police by consent. Undeniably Bennett describes community policing as its most basic, a greater working partnership between the police and the public (Bennett 1994: 224). Community police calls for much more decentralisation in the UKs policing system like US which has over 20,000 policing agencies throughout the country (Casey 2010) which is s imilar to the Japanese policing structure where police officers are seen as state servants. After the World War two, the US authorities initiated wide changes in Japan in rebuilding its police systems as a decentralized democratic body to impose a local system of policing from its invasive neighbourhood function. Neighbourhood policing has become the latest model of community policing in the UK, whilst community policing has been a prevalent model in the USA it hasnt been as noteworthy in the UK. Nevertheless during the early 2000s there was growing anxiety to the rise in the publics perception of crime. This eventually led to the development of the National Reassurance Policing Programme (NRPP) which developed a set of practical policing strategies that was orientated, largely, at reducing fear of crime midst the community. The Neighbourhood Policing model developed entirely out of the NRRP, and is undertaking with the extension of the policing family in order to provide each neighbourhood a local policing team that is both visible and accessible (Home Office 2008) much like the koban concept of community orientated policing in Japan where there are situated locally to help police the community. John Alderson (1979), a former chief constable argued that society was changing and that policing styles had to reflect this. Society was becoming free, permissive and participatory and authoritarian policing styles were no longer applicable (Alderson 1979: 376). His vision for the future of policing consisted of important aims that are still relevant in contemporary community policing styles for instance neighbourhood policing. In addition his suggestions placed emphasis on a more pro-active style of policing that works with the public in their communities again much like the koban concept of community oriented policing where they take a much more proactive role in taking a real interest to the local community needs of crime and disorder that is based upon active co-operation by preference to policing by consent. As for crime and community relations, at a time when policing in the UK and USA had drifted into more reactive and detached modes, the Japanese koban appeared to offer a model of community policing at its best and most effective. The Japanese Police Bureau was established in 1874 under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Japanese police were supposedly oppressive and even instituted a thought control operation to blot out any thinking contrary to overt support of the regime in power (Kanfman 1975: 17). After the Second World War, the US assisted Japan in rebuilding its police systems as a decentralized democratic body in an attempt to reduce the power of the police to impose a local system of policing. However these reforms were short lived and by 1954, Japan enacted a Police Law to restructure the police appropriate to cultural its needs (Hoffman 1982; Kanfman 1975) . By far the most well-known of the alternative models to the west is the koban structure of community policing in Japan. However, it contains a similar tradition of historical roots, of police integration with homogeneous communities of citizens, and of effectiveness. The Japanese koban offers a legitimate alternative to present day community policing in Western accounts. To serve local communities, the Japanese have local level substations, known as koban and chuzaisho, a residential police box in the rural areas. In the West the Police officers that would closely resemble the Japanese Chuzaisho officers are the sheriffs in the United States. The unit is typically a two-storey building, recognisable by the traditional red lamp. Koban officers normally do not drive around in patrol cars but are often on foot. This encourages frequent interactions with the community, where issues of crime are not the forefront, similarly with PCSOs in the UK who are highly visible in the communities pr edominantly on foot or cycle patrol. Yano (1989: 127) describes them as All day, policemen at the koban (police boxes) keep watch on the neighbourhood, answers questions, and help those who are in need of assistance. This provides a local presence that is missing in many western societies, although somewhat parallel to UKs concept of neighbourhood teams in the UK. The core purpose of PCSOs is to support Neighbourhood Policing teams in their neighbourhood thus spending the majority of their time within neighbourhoods (NPIA 2008) therefore dealing with community priorities and concerns, through community engagement and effective problem solving but not wholly reminiscent of the koban community orientated policing concept. Kobans form the first line of police response to the public and as such the scope of general assistance is wide. Koban officers may lend out umbrellas, may act as a lost and found office and often run various community activities e.g. distribution of local letters (Leishman 1999) to accepting a range of welfare and social service responsibilities. These officers attempt to become a part of the community, and their families often contribute in performing these jobs whilst in Britain, PCSOs, are uniformed support staffs that help officers tackle issues such as vandalism and antisocial behaviour. The police officers also administer surveys. Police officers conduct twice-yearly house-by-house district surveys on residents for various information e.g. names, occupations, ages, vehicle registration numbers etc. which has almost become a custom in the Japanese culture as its voluntary and rarely opposed. This type of community policing practiced in Japan would create a breach of civil liber ties in the Western community policing models The Koban and Chuzaisho system remains the foundation of Japans centralized police system. In contrast to community policing in western world three common characteristics exist between police box operations relative to the practices of Japanese corporations. In essence, Japanese community policing is meditative of Japanese culture whereas the Peelian model of crime-fighting, much adapted according to local national and cultural circumstances. The result historically was a patchwork of different police organizations concerned to enforce social order in communities from a local source. The theme of Japanese culture is groupism which interconnects the two key concepts of ie and mura. These two ideas cast Japan as one big family, in which each member is required to sacrifice their interest for the purpose of group welfare. Consistent with the concept of groupism, urban police boxes play a central role in carrying out police affairs as a team, relative to the Japanese community. Crime con trol is perceived to be a collective responsibility, a community matter, and not a function solely allocated to the local or state authorities like in the UK. Secondly, samurai heritage forms seniority, the basis of promotion. In the work place, i.e. police officers are promoted on the basis of seniority rather than ability in contrast to that of the UK. Thirdly, the career of a Japanese police officer is a lifetime commitment for both the officer and his family. Like all other professions in Japan, the job directs all other aspects of public and private life whereas in the UK police officers are required to retire after thirty years of service (Alarid Wang 1997). From the above it illustrates Japans is culturally very homogeneous as well as inclusive unlike the west. Apart from ethnic homogeneity, there is a supposed unity in social norms. Japanese culture places significant emphasis on the importance of harmony. Evidently, this is conducive to a community oriented policing style in Japan (Castberg 1990).

The Ecological Impact of Native Americans in Eastern North America :: American America History

The Ecological Impact of Native Americans in Eastern North America Shetler, in the book Seeds of Change: Five Hundred Years Since Columbus, supports the myth that the new world was an unspoiled paradise by stating that " Native people were transparent in the landscape, living as natural elements of the ecosphere. Their world†¦was a world of barely perceptible human disturbances"(Shetler 1991). Sale contends that the Indians had a benign effect and refering to them as the "Ecological Indian".(Sale 1990) These are fine examples of the new way of portraying the Native Americans as "Noble Savages". There is no question that the Europeans had a more obvious influence on the landscape than the American Indian, but the notion that the Native Americans were "transparent" or "benign" to the landscape is an absurd over exaggeration. When in fact, "twenty million indigenous people were hunting gathering, burning, tilling, and otherwise managing North America"(Anderson 1991). It is not the intention of this paper to claim the American Indians did more harm to the environment than the European Settlers, but one important notion that must be understood before proceeding is that "even though a landscape may appear green it is not in indicator of natural ecology". It is the intention of this paper to show that the Native Americans had a significant impact on the ecology of the Eastern North American Landscape, which is unknown to many scholars. Fossil records from 12,000 years ago show the appearance of the Large Mammals followed by Paleoindian in Eastern North America. Another piece of the fossil record shows that the appearance of Paleoindian brought about the disappearance of the large mammals. Some people feel that, "there is evidence to suggest that rapacious hunting practice of the paleohunters in North and South America 12,000 years ago may have caused†¦The demise of the very animals they hunted" (Powell 1987). The evidence Powell suggests is that the extinction of a large mammal is usually followed by the appearance of humans in the fossil record. This coincidence is not only seen in the fossil records of North and South America but Europe and Asia as well. Powell shows that as human populations increased local extinctions of large mammals occurred. This was probably due to the fact that there were not many predators that could hunt the large mammals except man. For this reason it is also highly like likely tha t man and large mammals did not co-evolve which ultimately resulted in the extinction of large mammals.

Show through the movement of verse Brutus’ thought process at 2.1 lines 10-34

This is a soliloquy, designed to reveal Brutus' thinking and feelings, and also to give the audience a chance to judge his motives. By delaying the action of the play, it increases suspense as the audience enter the mind of a killer and his plotting. Throughout his speech, rhythm, rhyme, repetition and imagery are used to reveal Brutus' need to justify himself. The whole speech is in iambic pentameter. Iambs occur when, of two syllables, only the second is stressed. Here, â€Å"death† is most stressed, followed by â€Å"must†. Must† and â€Å"death† contain hard-hitting consonants (â€Å"t† and â€Å"d†) and the combination, along with â€Å"must†, sounds threatening, intent and violent. This rhythmic effect in the first clause sounds determined and final – so why does Brutus run on? The colon before â€Å"and, for my part† suggests that he feels he needs an explanation for this decision, one that he can justify in â€Å"general† terms (meaning for the general good of the people), if not on a â€Å"personal† level, why he is, quite definitely, going to kill Caesar. The iambic rhythm set up so far is interrupted by lines 2 and 3, with â€Å"personal† and â€Å"general† going from one stressed followed by two unstressed, creating a trickling sound, and supporting a very thoughtful tone. One can feel that Brutus is just trying to persuade himself that killing Caesar will look like the right thing to do, once he can find a story to justify it. It's not a vicious tone of a murderer – and that makes it all the more chilling, as we feel that Caesar's life is being weighed in this man's hands. The repeated last syllable is situated in the same place in both lines, creating rhyme. At first, it seems that Brutus values the â€Å"personal† friendship with, and knowledge of, Caesar above the â€Å"general† – but as he continues, the echo of these two rhyming words is in conflict. The bulk of this speech is spent talking in general terms, never really directing his speech at Caesar at all except to talk of his being crowned and killing him. This explaining of Caesar's life would create sympathy for him in the audience, and without this justification Brutus would be simply a base murderer. The poetry of line 5 is typical of Brutus. He mixes beauty with an argument for murder – and for a short time, the extraordinary truth about adders in the summer, hidden dangers becoming clear when the grass is mown and the sun is high, might make the audience believe that Caesar is like an adder. This is the longest line so far, free of pauses, reasoning and worry. But the poetry whips up Brutus' own fears. The words â€Å"bright† and â€Å"brings† and the interruption of the iambic skip, with â€Å"bright day† and â€Å"bring forth† both being stressed, creates the effect almost of a drum-roll, erasing any doubt in Brutus' mind that the adder, in the shape of an Imperial Caesar, is not far away. Through lines 6 – 12 Brutus is again trying to justify killing Caesar. He dehumanises Caesar firstly as an â€Å"adder† and then later as a â€Å"serpents egg† which isn't so different from the disjoining of remorse from power that Brutus suspects Caesar to be potentially capable of. Although Brutus is trying to persuade himself that this is a political assassination for the good of Rome and the Republic, it's easy to notice Brutus is slightly jealous that his old friend, once an equal, is now a god among men. Therefore this is an insight into the possibility that the murder was also personal. These lines are also a period where he is deciding whether or not to kill Caesar. In line 6 he says â€Å"Crown him! – that! † hitting an emotional peak after which he calms himself down speaking in a much lower, less erratic tone. The word â€Å"But† on line 12 is a major turning point in the text. This is where the whole of Brutus's argument lies on common belief not proof. Once again to persuade himself killing Caesar is the right thing to do, he uses a weak argument that says Caesar is using people to get to the top of the political ladder and when he reaches the top will turn his back on everyone who helped him get there. The weakness of this argument is that there are no signs of him ever being evil to his friends before. Brutus describes it as a general model of the â€Å"common proof† that all men grow greedy with power, which if true would justify killing Caesar while he was in his â€Å"shell† before he could â€Å"hatch† Throughout the soliloquy Brutus appears to be contradicting himself and making remarks that he isn't entirely confident about. To me this shows that Brutus had quite a weak personality and was probably a man under great pressure.

Asthma essay Essays

Asthma essay Essays Asthma essay Paper Asthma essay Paper In this paper, the three articles on asthma were gathered from three different websites namely the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute –National Institutes of Health (www.nhlbi.nih.gov), MedicineNet.com and finally Wikipedia.org. The topic of main concern from these three articles was the definition and the causes of asthma. Asthma in definition is a chronic, meaning long-term, lung disease that causes the bronchial airways to inflame and narrow, thus making it hard for the patient to breathe, wheezing, and tightening of the chest and others. Also, asthma is a fairly common disease for all ages all around the world but would mostly appear from childhood and up to adulthood. Depending on the severity of the condition, the treatment can be as basic as medication to altering completely the lifestyle and environment to accommodate the said disease. The exact cause of asthma is still not clear it can be a mixture of the environment and genetic characte ristics of the person that enables it to appear in the young individual. But it is known that every asthma attack could be very dangerous to the health of the individual especially when he lacks medical guidance and supervision with regards to his condition. In present, there are no clear-cut solutions or cure for Asthma, but nevertheless, new technologies help enables an asthmatic patient to attain the most normal life possible, as reiterating the fact that there is no known cure, just by helping â€Å"manage† the disease. But then again, those millions affected by asthma all around the world struggle to maintain a normal lifestyle especially knowing that an asthmatic attack could happen any moment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The brief summary was created from the account of the three article sources. Although there were very minor differences to the information of the sources, it can be mostly attributed to the use of words of the authors, and can essentially be disregarded. The information given by the sources does not have conclusive disagreements, their thought and facts were the same in essence. In my opinion, these websites provides knowledge of asthma in different levels of technicality. In my own classification, the information given by Wikipedia.org is more technical by choice within the three sources. It provided more in-depth and medically relevant facts compared with the two other sources. But the NHLBI website, on the other hand, provided more average explanation than the two, thus making it the most reader-friendly article. It provided the most simplest of the explanation even offering a photographic inset of what happens during an asthma attack. Finally, the MedicineNet.com was in between the Wikipedia and NHLBI articles as it provided a longer explanation and a wide scope of the topic. I also commend the use of figures and statistics by all of the three to put the topic even more closely to run-of-the-mill explanation. However, with regards to the validity of their shared information, Wikipedia.org was at the bottom. Wikipedia is known as a website free for anyone to edit, making its accuracy of claims become a spot-on not 100% reliable. The two other sources were more reliable as to the fact that their authors and editors are licensed professionals, doctors and in the case of the NHLBI, are government employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, all the information given by all three articles could be very helpful depending on the degree of knowledge of the individual. The articles, especially the one by NHLBI, provided simple yet effective means of understanding more a common health issue that affects millions of individuals all over the world. The use of information dissemination is essential in helping every affected individual to fully understand disease that is Asthma. With the proper use of articles that are highly reliable and factual, anyone with health concern as asthma could be shared with advantageous information that could be very beneficial to the person’s health. References Asthma, Retrieved from: medicinenet.com/asthma/article.htm Asthma, Retrieved from: nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Asthma/Asthma_WhatIs.html Asthma, Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthma

Oldowan Tradition - Humankinds First Stone Tools

Oldowan Tradition - Humankinds First Stone Tools The Oldowan Tradition (also called Oldowan Industrial Tradition or Mode 1 as described by Grahame Clarke) is the name given to a pattern of stone-tool making by our hominid ancestors, developed in Africa by about 2.6 million years ago (mya) by our hominin ancestor Homo habilis (probably), and used there until 1.5 mya (mya). First defined by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge in the Great Rift Valley of Africa, the Oldowan tradition is to date the earliest manifestation of stone tool making on our planet. Further, it is global in scope, a toolkit thought to have been carried out of Africa by our hominin ancestors as they left to colonize the rest of the world. To date, the oldest known Oldowan tools were found at Gona (Ethiopia) at 2.6 ma; the latest in Africa is 1.5 mya at Konso and Kokiselei 5. The end of the Oldowan is defined as the appearance of Mode 2 tools or Acheulean handaxes. The earliest Oldowan sites in Eurasia are 2.0 mya at Renzidong (Anhui Province China), Longgupo (Sichuan Province) and Riwat (on the Potwar Plateau in Pakistan), and the latest so far is at Isampur, 1 mya in the Hungsi valley of India. Some discussion of the stone tools found at Liang Bua Cave in Indonesia suggests that they are Oldowan; which either lends support to the notion that the Flores hominin is a devolved Homo erectus or that the Oldowan tools were not specific to species. What Is an Oldowan Assemblage? The Leakeys described the stone tools at Olduvai as cores in the shapes of polyhedrons, discoids, and spheroids; as heavy and light duty scrapers (sometimes called nuclà ©us racloirs or rostro carà ©nà ©s in the scientific literature); and as choppers and retouched flakes. Selection for raw material sources  can be seen in Oldowan by about 2 mya, at sites like Lokalalei and Melka Kunture in Africa and Gran Dolina in Spain. Some of that is surely related to characteristics of the stone and what the hominid planned to use it for: if you have a choice between basalt and obsidian, youd select basalt as a percussion tool, but obsidian to break down into sharp-edged flakes. Why Did They Make Tools at All? The purpose of the tools is somewhat in controversy. Some scholars are inclined to think that most of the tools are simply steps in manufacturing sharp-edged flakes for cutting. The stone-tool making process  is known as chaà ®ne opà ©ratoire in archaeological circles. Others are less convinced. There is no evidence that our hominid ancestors were eating meat before about 2 mya, so these scholars suggest that the stone tools must have been for use with plants, and the percussion tools and scrapers may have been tools for plant processing. Admittedly, however, its hard to make assumptions on negative evidence: the oldest Homo remains we have only date to 2.33 mya in the Nachukui Formation of West Turkana in Kenya, and we dont know if there are earlier fossils we havent found yet that will be associated with Oldowan, and it may be that Oldowan tools were invented and used by another non-Homo species. History The Leakeys  work in Olduvai Gorge in the 1970s was quite revolutionary by any standards. They defined the original chronology of the Oldowan assemblage in the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa including the following periods; the stratigraphy within the region; and the material culture, the characteristics of the stone tools themselves. The Leakeys also focused on geological studies of the paleo-landscape of the Olduvai Gorge and its changes over time. In the 1980s, Glynn Isaac and his team worked at the more-or-less contemporaneous deposits at Koobi Fora, where they used experimental archaeology, ethnographic analogy, and primatology to explain the Oldowan archaeological record. They developed testable hypotheses about ecological and economic conditions that might have triggered stone tool making- hunting, food sharing, and occupying a home base, all of which is also done by primates, with the exception of the production of sharp-edged tools. Recent Investigations Recent expansions to the interpretations built by the Leakeys and Isaac have involved adjustments to the time span of use: discoveries at sites such as Gona have pushed the date of the first tools a half-million years earlier from what the Leakeys found at Olduvai. Also, scholars have recognized a considerable variability within the assemblages; and the extent of the Oldowan tool use throughout the globe has become recognized. Some scholars have looked at the variation in stone tools and argued that there must have been a Mode 0, that Oldowan is the result of a gradual evolution from a common tool-making ancestor of both humans and chimps, and that phase is missing in the archaeological record. That has some merit, because Mode 0 tools may have been made of bone or wood. Not everyone agrees with this, and, currently, it seems that the 2.6 mya assemblage at Gona still represents the earliest stages of lithic production. Sources I highly recommended Braun and Hovers 2009 (and the rest of the articles in their book Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan) for a good overview of current thinking about Oldowan. Barsky, Deborah. An Overview of Some African and Eurasian Oldowan Sites: Evaluation of Hominin Cognition Levels, Technological Advancement and Adaptive Skills. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan, SpringerLink, 2018. Braun, David R. Introduction: Current Issues in Oldowan Research. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan, Erella Hovers, SpringerLink, 2018. Braun DR, Tactikos JC, Ferraro JV, and Harris JWK. 2006. Archaeological inference and Oldowan behavior. Journal of Human Evolution 51:106-108. Carbonell, Eudald. From Homogeneity to Multiplicity: A New Approach to the Study of Archaic Stone Tools. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan, Robert SalaDeborah Barsky, et al., SpringerLink, 2018. Harmand, Sonia. Variability in Raw Material Selectivity at the Late Pliocene sites of Lokalalei, West Turkana, Kenya. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan, SpringerLink, 2018. Harmand S. 2009. Raw Materials and Techno-Economic Behaviors at Oldowan and Acheulean Sites in the West Turkana Region, Kenya. Lithic Materials and Paleolithic Societies: Wiley-Blackwell. p 1-14. McHenry LJ, Njau JK, de la Torre I, and Pante MC. 2016. Geochemical â€Å"fingerprints† for Olduvai Gorge Bed II tuffs and implications for the Oldowan–Acheulean transition. Quaternary Research 85(1):147-158. Petraglia MD, LaPorta P, and Paddayya K. 1999. The first Acheulian quarry in India: Stone tool manufacture, biface morphology, and behaviors. Journal of Anthropological Research 55:39-70. Semaw, Sileshi. The Oldowan-Acheulian Transition: Is there a Developed Oldowan Artifact Tradition? Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions, Michael RogersDietrich Stout,  SpringerLink,, June 16, 2009.

TV Programs (or Magazines) -Marketing Behavior Class- Essay

TV Programs (or Magazines) -Marketing Behavior Class- - Essay Example This allowed one to analyze their specific behaviors and relationships to others within society. The two magazines which I was familiar with were compared to Entertainment Weekly and Life and Style. I wasn’t familiar with these two particular magazines and had rarely identified with them. When reading both magazines, it could be seen that they were based on the â€Å"Yuppie† lifestyle, as well as one which was interested in being an experiencer. This was from an individual who was looking at concepts that were created from self – expression and the ability to identify with the fashions and latest trends as a form of the expression. The belief with the experience is created from the fashions and trends also leading to the latest growth in society and holding a specific social status (Linquist, Sirgy, 2003: p. 133). It could also be noted that these two magazines targeted women that were younger, living in cosmopolitan areas and which were interested in the enterta inment and leisure which were a part of both of these areas. The extreme differences between both of the magazines are one which is important to note, specifically because it shows how the attitudes and behaviors constitute the main demographics which one has.

Career develpoment plan part (iii) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career develpoment plan part (iii) - Essay Example Here are three basic questions to answer: This gives the current-state analysis of skills, capabilities, and knowledge which each individual employee holds at this point in time. They are then required to jot down the strengths and weaknesses, which they think they carry. Their self assessment is then passed on to functional managers for evaluation based on their observation about each individual. This is more like a starting point for the employee’s career, presence of which may un-block potential growth areas. Second question which needs attention is the future-state one seeks to reach, considering the career interest, knowledge, and skills which can be enhanced. It gives a proper direction for pursuing the career one wants to stick to after gaining much experience. Mostly, career counseling or proper mentoring by experts can help in figuring out the place one desires to reach. Lastly, figuring out the gaps between the current-state and the future-state provides structured Action Plan for achieving desired goals. Over here, it’s very critical to have realistic goals in mind, absence of which can make the efforts go invain. The action plan created acts like a detailed map, consisting of step-by-step measures required to progress. The career map formed by the assessment acts like the initial document for carrying out the Performance Appraisal procedure, along with the Job Description and Job Responsibilities’ documents provided to employees at the time of induction. At the time of appraisal, which is the basic step for evaluating the progress, appraisal forms (refer to Appendix A) are shared. The yearly, bi-yearly, or quarterly appraisals highlight the strengths, which have been utilized the most; and the areas of improvement of each employee separately. Feedbacks of the appraisals are shared with the employees individually by calling private meeting in a closed room, where concerns can be shared and disagreements can be catered to

PACS in Enhancing Clinical Consideration Forms Essay

PACS in Enhancing Clinical Consideration Forms - Essay Example An illustration for this is the likelihood that power blackouts could constrain the utilization of the options way. The chance to recognize such glitches activated arrangement considering, for the occasion, utilizing continuous power supply (UPS) could be utilized to manage that. The action chart further indicated how different divisions could be influenced by approach modification and accordingly how this could cooperate with the stakeholder and change administration. For example in this diagram outline (Figure 3), the exercises to attain to the framework heads necessity to enlist the patient by recording their subtle elements into the PACS framework. The diagram likewise demonstrates two swim paths for exercises including the divisions of the overseer and the doctor who are a piece of the consideration process. It further demonstrates that because of the utilization of PACS, administrative staff included in the documenting and sorting of physical archival duplicates can get to be e xcess as the greater part of their obligations can now be carried out utilizing the PACS framework. Execution of PACS relentlessly accommodated a few changes in the work techniques of clinicians, managerial and wellbeing IT staff. All things considered; it was essential to utilize apparatuses that supported to see how regular business would be overhauled after the execution of the framework. A suggestion here could be the utilization of ESIA standards for updating business forms (Peppard and Rowland 1995 pp.155) as this shows how the undertaking implementers the methods that could be disposed of, streamlined, coordinated and computerized to attain to proficiency after the usage and utilization PACS. This study was useful in demonstrating that PACS can enhance clinical consideration forms that are in concurrence with other writing sources such Sankale and Sapkal (p. 2).  

Dividend Policy at Fpl Essay Example for Free

Dividend Policy at Fpl Essay In 1994, Merrill Lynch published a report that disclosed the change in their investment rating for the FPL Group, Inc. . They had downgraded this rating as they expected the directors would choose not to raise the annual dividend. This also happened to be the first time in 47 years that the FPL Group had not raised dividends. This tweaked the interest of a certain electric utilities analyst at the First Equity Securities Corporation, Kate Stark. She now was faced with the decision whether or not to amend her own recommendation of â€Å"hold† on FPL Group, Inc.’s stock (her recommendation of hold was based on the assumption that FPL will keep its dividend at $2.48 per share, or increase this slightly). James Broadheld, chairman of the FPL Group, understood the issues of an ever changing marketplace, and knew that the industry was on the verge of being deregulated, and thus implemented a strategy that focused primarily on a strong commitment to quality as well as customer service, while focusing on the utilities industry and expanding capacity in order to improve its own cost position. He believed that this approach to business would result in a future of â€Å"full and open† competition amongst all competitors. As a result, as of May 1994, the FPL Group was faced with a critical question – to decrease their dividend payout ratio or not? Prior to Broadheld’s entry to FPL, chairman Marshall McDonald expanded the types of industries FPL were involved in during the 70’s and 80’s, leading to extensive diversification. Examples of such industries include real estate and insurance, just to name a few. As Broadheld stepped in, FPL’s diversification decreased and as a result the firm saw an improved efficiency. Exhibit 7 revealed that FPL’s capacity margin is 8.6%, which is alarmingly low in comparison to the other provided companies. The overall average is approximately 11.39%. This lower capacity margin shows that not much growth is to be expected of the firm, and this is of course relative to other firms. The same exhibit illustrates cost-management problems. More specifically, FPL’s transmission cost of $0.0019/kWh is significantly greater than the other firms provided with an average of $0.0010. Also, considering the fact that the company purchases 30% of the power used from foreign firms, FPL’s respective power costs can be high as they are exposed to the risk of changing (and increasing) power prices. The case presented a wide variety of changes in the industry’s regulatory standards. For example, 1992’s Wholesale Wheeling allowed companies to buy power from another with the help of a third party. In addition, the Retail Wheeling of 1994 allowed actual customers to not only buy from the monopoly, but from other utility firms (again through third parties). Also, many firms have lost of a substantial amount in market value, including the SP Electric Utilities Index with a decline of 20%. Turning to an evaluation of the firm, many concerns have been raised over FPL’s ever-increasing interest expense since 1993. Analysis Total earnings are the sum of dividends paid and retained earnings. Dividend-paying firms attract investors. Generally speaking, shareholders either look for growth and/or income when purchasing shares. The former tends to pay less attention to dividend payments and more on the capital gain, whereas the latter prefers a regular income for the investment made. If Kate Stark wishes to revise her current suggestion, she needs to consider the pros and cons in doing so. Focusing first on the negative effects of cutting back on dividends, signalling is undoubtedly one of the biggest issues at hand. Since lower dividend payments may be perceived as a red flag in the company’s finances, this information will likely cause a negative reaction in the market. Therefore, concerns in a decreasing stock price are justified. As for the benefits of lowering the company’s dividend policy, the company can now use a larger amount of funds that would have normally been kept aside for dividend payments. This definitely makes changes to the firm’s financing sources. The money can thus be used for value-increasing projects. From the point of view of an investor, it may not be such a bad idea, considering that dividends are taxed more than capital gains. This results in a potentially large amount of savings for the investors. Also, one of the main benefits of reducing the dividend policy is to lower the risk of market volatility and deregulation.

Different Types Of Diversification Strategies Marketing Essay

Different Types Of Diversification Strategies Marketing Essay Expanding a business can be quite hard so business owners and their teams tend to use a diversification strategy to be able to increase their sales and be successful in their expansion. The business diversification strategy is what companies do (increasing the sales volume) in order to increase their profits. The increase in the volume of sales can be done by developing new products and targeting new market. The diversification strategy can be used at the unit level of a business as well as in their corporate level. In a company expansion in unit level of a business, the strategy can be a new segment idea that is related exactly to the existing business. For the corporate level, the new business can be without relation to the existing business. Different Types of Diversification Strategies There are three basic types of diversification strategies that may composed of several plans that range from the designed and development of new products to the licensing of these new technologies. They may also be a combination of these plans with two or more of it included. They are the concentric diversification where the technology stays the same while its marketing plan alters significantly. The technical knowledge is an edge when it comes to this type of strategy. The next one is called horizontal diversification. In this type, the technology used is somehow far from the existing business. Though the new products are not related to the existing ones, the customers who are loyal still patronized the products. This is very effective when a business have many loyal customers. Last but not the least is the lateral diversification. This strategy is almost similar to the horizontal diversification. The only thing that differentiates it from horizontal diversification is that lateral strategy targets new customers instead of targeting their existing loyal customers. Diversifications Advantages and Disadvantages When using the business diversification strategy, you must consider some things to succeed. Diversification can really help businesses achieve its full potential in the market. It helps the company increase their customers by attracting new ones and retaining loyal ones. Furthermore, it enhances the product portfolio of the business by launching products which compliments their existing products in the market. Nevertheless, the company must hire or have sufficient knowledge about diversification so that no problem can arise in the future. The management team of the company must be well trained and educated about the processes that must be followed. Lack of information and knowledge about the latest trend in the market can really be upsetting in your business goals. You must ensure that all are taken care of and you have the ability and capability of handling those things. If not, hire someone who is a professional in this kind of situation. Types of Diversification The different types of diversification strategies include the modernization and development of new products, updating the market, new technology licensing, distribution of products by another company and even the alliance with the said company. The three types of diversification strategies include the concentric, horizontal and conglomerate. Diversification is a method of risk management that involves the change and implementation of different investments stated in a specific portfolio. This is practices because of the rationale that a portfolio containing a variety of investments can yield higher profits and serve as a lower risk to the independent investments in the same portfolio. It is only through investing more securely that the benefits of diversification may be fully reaped. Investment through foreign securities may also reap benefits because of the decreased correlation between local investments. The concentric diversifications specify that there exists similarities between the industries in terms of the technological standpoint. It is through this that the firm may compare and apply its technological know how to an advantage. This is through a careful change or alteration in the marketing strategy performed by the business. This strategy aims to increase the market value of a particular product and therefore gain a higher profit. The horizontal diversification tackles products or services that are in a sense, not related technologically to certain products but still pique the interest of current customers. This strategy is more effective is the current clientele is loyal to the existing products or services, and if the new additions are well priced and adequately promoted. The newest additions are marketed in the same way that the previous ones were which may cause instability. This is because the strategy increases the new products dependence on an existing one. This integration normally occurs when a new business is introduced, however unrelated to the existing. Conglomerate or lateral diversification is where the company or business promotes products or services with no relation commercially or technologically to the existing products or services, however still interest a number of customers. This type of diversification is unique to the current business and may prove quite risky. However, it may also prove very successful since it independently aims to improve on the profit the company accumulates with regards to the new product or service. At times there are certain defensive actions that may promote to the risk of contraction within the market, or that the current product market seems to have no more growth opportunities. This must also be considered before initiating a certain type of diversification strategy. Another factor is the outcome of the chosen diversification strategy. The expected result is expected to generate a profitability growth that will complement the ongoing activities within the company. Diversification strategies are used to expand firms operations by adding markets, products, services, or stages of production to the existing business. The purpose of diversification is to allow the company to enter lines of business that are different from current operations. When the new venture is strategically related to the existing lines of business, it is called concentric diversification. Conglomerate diversification occurs when there is no common thread of strategic fit or relationship between the new and old lines of business; the new and old businesses are unrelated. DIVERSIFICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF GROWTH STRATEGIES Diversification is a form of growth strategy. Growth strategies involve a significant increase in performance objectives (usually sales or market share) beyond past levels of performance. Many organizations pursue one or more types of growth strategies. One of the primary reasons is the view held by many investors and executives that bigger is better. Growth in sales is often used as a measure of performance. Even if profits remain stable or decline, an increase in sales satisfies many people. The assumption is often made that if sales increase, profits will eventually follow. Rewards for managers are usually greater when a firm is pursuing a growth strategy. Managers are often paid a commission based on sales. The higher the sales level, the larger the compensation received. Recognition and power also accrue to managers of growing companies. They are more frequently invited to speak to professional groups and are more often interviewed and written about by the press than are managers of companies with greater rates of return but slower rates of growth. Thus, growth companies also become better known and may be better able, to attract quality managers. Growth may also improve the effectiveness of the organization. Larger companies have a number of advantages over smaller firms operating in more limited markets. Large size or large market share can lead to economies of scale. Marketing or production synergies may result from more efficient use of sales calls, reduced travel time, reduced changeover time, and longer production runs. Learning and experience curve effects may produce lower costs as the firm gains experience in producing and distributing its product or service. Experience and large size may also lead to improved layout, gains in labor efficiency, redesign of products or production processes, or larger and more qualified staff departments (e.g., marketing research or research and development). Lower average unit costs may result from a firms ability to spread administrative expenses and other overhead costs over a larger unit volume. The more capital intensive a business is, the more important its ability to spread costs across a large volume becomes. Improved linkages with other stages of production can also result from large size. Better links with suppliers may be attained through large orders, which may produce lower costs (quantity discounts), improved delivery, or custom-made products that would be unaffordable for smaller operations. Links with distribution channels may lower costs by better location of warehouses, more efficient advertising, and shipping efficiencies. The size of the organization relative to its customers or suppliers influences its bargaining power and its ability to influence price and services provided. Sharing of information between units of a large firm allows knowledge gained in one business unit to be applied to problems being experienced in another unit. Especially for companies relying heavily on technology, the reduction of RD costs and the time needed to develop new technology may give larger firms an advantage over smaller, more specialized firms. The more similar the activities are among units, the easier the transfer of information becomes. Taking advantage of geographic differences is possible for large firms. Especially for multinational firms, differences in wage rates, taxes, energy costs, shipping and freight charges, and trade restrictions influence the costs of business. A large firm can sometimes lower its cost of business by placing multiple plants in locations providing the lowest cost. Smaller firms with only one location must operate within the strengths and weaknesses of its single location. CONCENTRIC DIVERSIFICATION Concentric diversification occurs when a firm adds related products or markets. The goal of such diversification is to achieve strategic fit. Strategic fit allows an organization to achieve synergy. In essence, synergy is the ability of two or more parts of an organization to achieve greater total effectiveness together than would be experienced if the efforts of the independent parts were summed. Synergy may be achieved by combining firms with complementary marketing, financial, operating, or management efforts. Breweries have been able to achieve marketing synergy through national advertising and distribution. By combining a number of regional breweries into a national network, beer producers have been able to produce and sell more beer than had independent regional breweries. Financial synergy may be obtained by combining a firm with strong financial resources but limited growth opportunities with a company having great market potential but weak financial resources. For example, debt-ridden companies may seek to acquire firms that are relatively debt-free to increase the lever-aged firms borrowing capacity. Similarly, firms sometimes attempt to stabilize earnings by diversifying into businesses with different seasonal or cyclical sales patterns. Strategic fit in operations could result in synergy by the combination of operating units to improve overall efficiency. Combining two units so that duplicate equipment or research and development are eliminated would improve overall efficiency. Quantity discounts through combined ordering would be another possible way to achieve operating synergy. Yet another way to improve efficiency is to diversify into an area that can use by-products from existing operations. For example, breweries have been able to convert grain, a by-product of the fermentation process, into feed for livestock. Management synergy can be achieved when management experience and expertise is applied to different situations. Perhaps a managers experience in working with unions in one company could be applied to labor management problems in another company. Caution must be exercised, however, in assuming that management experience is universally transferable. Situations that appear similar may require significantly different management strategies. Personality clashes and other situational differences may make management synergy difficult to achieve. Although managerial skills and experience can be transferred, individual managers may not be able to make the transfer effectively. CONGLOMERATE DIVERSIFICATION Conglomerate diversification occurs when a firm diversifies into areas that are unrelated to its current line of business. Synergy may result through the application of management expertise or financial resources, but the primary purpose of conglomerate diversification is improved profitability of the acquiring firm. Little, if any, concern is given to achieving marketing or production synergy with conglomerate diversification. One of the most common reasons for pursuing a conglomerate growth strategy is that opportunities in a firms current line of business are limited. Finding an attractive investment opportunity requires the firm to consider alternatives in other types of business. Philip Morriss acquisition of Miller Brewing was a conglomerate move. Products, markets, and production technologies of the brewery were quite different from those required to produce cigarettes. Firms may also pursue a conglomerate diversification strategy as a means of increasing the firms growth rate. As discussed earlier, growth in sales may make the company more attractive to investors. Growth may also increase the power and prestige of the firms executives. Conglomerate growth may be effective if the new area has growth opportunities greater than those available in the existing line of business. Probably the biggest disadvantage of a conglomerate diversification strategy is the increase in administrative problems associated with operating unrelated businesses. Managers from different divisions may have different backgrounds and may be unable to work together effectively. Competition between strategic business units for resources may entail shifting resources away from one division to another. Such a move may create rivalry and administrative problems between the units. Caution must also be exercised in entering businesses with seemingly promising opportunities, especially if the management team lacks experience or skill in the new line of business. Without some knowledge of the new industry, a firm may be unable to accurately evaluate the industrys potential. Even if the new business is initially successful, problems will eventually occur. Executives from the conglomerate will have to become involved in the operations of the new enterprise at some point. Without adequate experience or skills (Management Synergy) the new business may become a poor performer. Without some form of strategic fit, the combined performance of the individual units will probably not exceed the performance of the units operating independently. In fact, combined performance may deteriorate because of controls placed on the individual units by the parent conglomerate. Decision-making may become slower due to longer review periods and complicated reporting systems. DIVERSIFICATION: GROW OR BUY? Diversification efforts may be either internal or external. Internal diversification occurs when a firm enters a different, but usually related, line of business by developing the new line of business itself. Internal diversification frequently involves expanding a firms product or market base. External diversification may achieve the same result; however, the company enters a new area of business by purchasing another company or business unit. Mergers and acquisitions are common forms of external diversification. INTERNAL DIVERSIFICATION. One form of internal diversification is to market existing products in new markets. A firm may elect to broaden its geographic base to include new customers, either within its home country or in international markets. A business could also pursue an internal diversification strategy by finding new users for its current product. For example, Arm Hammer marketed its baking soda as a refrigerator deodorizer. Finally, firms may attempt to change markets by increasing or decreasing the price of products to make them appeal to consumers of different income levels. Another form of internal diversification is to market new products in existing markets. Generally this strategy involves using existing channels of distribution to market new products. Retailers often change product lines to include new items that appear to have good market potential. Johnson Johnson added a line of baby toys to its existing line of items for infants. Packaged-food firms have added salt-free or low-calorie options to existing product lines. It is also possible to have conglomerate growth through internal diversification. This strategy would entail marketing new and unrelated products to new markets. This strategy is the least used among the internal diversification strategies, as it is the most risky. It requires the company to enter a new market where it is not established. The firm is also developing and introducing a new product. Research and development costs, as well as advertising costs, will likely be higher than if existing products were marketed. In effect, the investment and the probability of failure are much greater when both the product and market are new. EXTERNAL DIVERSIFICATION. External diversification occurs when a firm looks outside of its current operations and buys access to new products or markets. Mergers are one common form of external diversification. Mergers occur when two or more firms combine operations to form one corporation, perhaps with a new name. These firms are usually of similar size. One goal of a merger is to achieve management synergy by creating a stronger management team. This can be achieved in a merger by combining the management teams from the merged firms. Acquisitions, a second form of external growth, occur when the purchased corporation loses its identity. The acquiring company absorbs it. The acquired company and its assets may be absorbed into an existing business unit or remain intact as an independent subsidiary within the parent company. Acquisitions usually occur when a larger firm purchases a smaller company. Acquisitions are called friendly if the firm being purchased is receptive to the acquisition. (Mergers are usually friendly.) Unfriendly mergers or hostile takeovers occur when the management of the firm targeted for acquisition resists being purchased. DIVERSIFICATION: VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL? Diversification strategies can also be classified by the direction of the diversification. Vertical integration occurs when firms undertake operations at different stages of production. Involvement in the different stages of production can be developed inside the company (internal diversification) or by acquiring another firm (external diversification). Horizontal integration or diversification involves the firm moving into operations at the same stage of production. Vertical integration is usually related to existing operations and would be considered concentric diversification. Horizontal integration can be either a concentric or a conglomerate form of diversification. VERTICAL INTEGRATION. The steps that a product goes through in being transformed from raw materials to a finished product in the possession of the customer constitute the various stages of production. When a firm diversifies closer to the sources of raw materials in the stages of production, it is following a backward vertical integration strategy. Avons primary line of business has been the selling of cosmetics door-to-door. Avon pursued a backward form of vertical integration by entering into the production of some of its cosmetics. Forward diversification occurs when firms move closer to the consumer in terms of the production stages. Levi Strauss Co., traditionally a manufacturer of clothing, has diversified forward by opening retail stores to market its textile products rather than producing them and selling them to another firm to retail. Backward integration allows the diversifying firm to exercise more control over the quality of the supplies being purchased. Backward integration also may be undertaken to provide a more dependable source of needed raw materials. Forward integration allows a manufacturing company to assure itself of an outlet for its products. Forward integration also allows a firm more control over how its products are sold and serviced. Furthermore, a company may be better able to differentiate its products from those of its competitors by forward integration. By opening its own retail outlets, a firm is often better able to control and train the personnel selling and servicing its equipment. Since servicing is an important part of many products, having an excellent service department may provide an integrated firm a competitive advantage over firms that are strictly manufacturers. Some firms employ vertical integration strategies to eliminate the profits of the middleman. Firms are sometimes able to efficiently execute the tasks being performed by the middleman (wholesalers, retailers) and receive additional profits. However, middlemen receive their income by being competent at providing a service. Unless a firm is equally efficient in providing that service, the firm will have a smaller profit margin than the middleman. If a firm is too inefficient, customers may refuse to work with the firm, resulting in lost sales. Vertical integration strategies have one major disadvantage. A vertically integrated firm places all of its eggs in one basket. If demand for the product falls, essential supplies are not available, or a substitute product displaces the product in the marketplace, the earnings of the entire organization may suffer. HORIZONTAL DIVERSIFICATION. Horizontal integration occurs when a firm enters a new business (either related or unrelated) at the same stage of production as its current operations. For example, Avons move to market jewelry through its door-to-door sales force involved marketing new products through existing channels of distribution. An alternative form of horizontal integration that Avon has also undertaken is selling its products by mail order (e.g., clothing, plastic products) and through retail stores (e.g., Tiffanys). In both cases, Avon is still at the retail stage of the production process. DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY AND MANAGEMENT TEAMS As documented in a study by Marlin, Lamont, and Geiger, ensuring a firms diversification strategy is well matched to the strengths of its top management team members factored into the success of that strategy. For example, the success of a merger may depend not only on how integrated the joining firms become, but also on how well suited top executives are to manage that effort. The study also suggests that different diversification strategies (concentric vs. conglomerate) require different skills on the part of a companys top managers, and that the factors should be taken into consideration before firms are joined. There are many reasons for pursuing a diversification strategy, but most pertain to managements desire for the organization to grow. Companies must decide whether they want to diversify by going into related or unrelated businesses. They must then decide whether they want to expand by developing the new business or by buying an ongoing business. Finally, management must decide at what stage in the production process they wish to diversify. FURTHER READING: Amit, R., and J. Livnat. A Concept of Conglomerate Diversification. Academy of Management Journal 28 (1988): 59304. Homburg, C., H. Krohmer, and J. Workman. Strategic Consensus and Performance: The Role of Strategy Type and Market-Related Dynamism. Strategic Management Journal 20, 33958. Luxenber, Stan. Diversification Strategy Raises Doubts. National Real Estate Investor, February 2004. Lyon, D.W., and W.J. Ferrier. Enhancing Performance With Product-Market Innovation: The Influence of the Top Management Team. Journal of Managerial Issues 14 (2002): 45269. Marlin, Dan, Bruce T. Lamont, and Scott W. Geiger. Diversification Strategy and Top Management Team Fit. Journal of Managerial Issues, Fall 2004, 361. Munk, N. How Levis Trashed a Great American Brand. Fortune, 12 April 1999, 830. St. John, C., and J. Harrison, Manufacturing-Based Relatedness, Synergy, and Coordination. Strategic Management Journal 20 (1999): 12945.