The Great Pyramids as Art

The Great Pyramids of Giza Art is the quality, production, expression, or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of more than ordinary significance. When looking into a piece of art there are five essential questions that should be answered for it to be fully analyzed. What purpose was this piece of art made? What does this piece of art hope to communicate? How was this Piece of art made? What is the composition of this artwork? And finally, what elements should we notice about this work of art?The Pyramids of Giza are the largest The Great Pyramid is the most significant of the three large pyramids located on the Giza Plateau. The Great Pyramid was also the first pyramid to be built starting in around 2550 BC. This pyramid was built for the pharaoh Khufu, who ruled Egypt from about 2547-2524 BC. Along with the Khufu’s Great Pyramid his son, Khafre had one built on the Giza Plateau that at a first glance seems larger than his fathers, and Menkaure, Khufu’s grandson, also had one built on the Giza Plateau. The first question asked when looking at these ancient works of art is what purpose was it made for?In this very early time period Egyptians wanted to preserve the bodies of the dead, and for the better-known tombs were built. The tombs were often a place where offerings could be left to people that had gone home to the gods. These larger pyramids were not only built to prevent robbery, but they also resembled the rays of the suns rays descending to Earth. This relates it to the religious beliefs connected to the cult with the sun god Re. Ancient Egyptians believed that the sun died each night in the West and was re-born the next morning in the East.This is why the Pyramids are built on the West side of the Nile so that the bodies of the deceased can travel with the sun god through the night and be reborn with him the next morning in the East. The Great Pyramid was built to hold the body and belongings of th e pharaoh Khufu, and the one farther South was built for his son, and the one built farthest South was built for his grandson, Menkaure. The main purpose of these three structures was to hold their earthly remains, and to leave a place for them to be worshiped.The next question we should ask ourselves is what does this piece of art communicate? The Pyramids of Giza communicate many different things. They communicate religious beliefs about life after death, how wealthy and well known the person inside was, and how intelligent and resourceful people of that time were. As we mentioned earlier Ancient Egyptians believed that if they were buried on the West side of the Nile when the sun died to the West they would travel with it, and then be reborn into their eternal life when it rose in the East.These massive monumental tombs were built on the West side of the Nile so that this could happen. Many belongings were also left in the tombs with the body of the dead so that those items may a lso be taken to the afterlife with them. The pyramids were not an easy project and took thousands of men to build. The size of these pyramids communicate how wealthy and respectful the people inside them were. Slaves did not build the pyramids; workers did during the time of the year that crops were not being grown so they were out of work.To feed and dress this many people for months of the year over a long period of time shows how wealthy the person going into the pyramid was. You also had to be very well respected for people to join you in building this piece of art. These three pyramids that sit upon the Giza Plateau communicate to its observers that Khufu’s family was well respected, rich, and took many luxurious things to the after life with them. The Pyramids of Giza also communicate how intelligent and resourceful the Ancient Egyptians were. The Great Pyramid was built of an estimated two million stone blocks weighing up to two and a half tons apiece.Khufu’s py ramid stood at four hundred and eighty one feet tall, and held the world record for the tallest structure for over three thousand and eight hundred years. Without machines and heavy equipment architecture in this time was very difficult for most parts of the world. For the Ancient Egyptians it was not impossible. Some people today choose to believe that extraterrestrials had to participate in building them, because there is no possible way the Egyptians could have. The size and complexity of these magnificent monuments communicates how intellectual and resourceful the Ancient Egyptians must have been.After looking at what the purpose of the piece of art is and what it communicates, you should look into how the piece of art was made? No one knows exactly how the Pyramids of Giza were built, but there are many theories that have been put forth starting with the Greek historian Herodotus theory. Herodotus visited Egypt in around 450 B. C. when the pyramids were already two thousand yea rs old. In this theory Herodotus mentions machines, such as cranes were used to lift the huge stones up. This theory was quickly torn down when Diodorus proposed a theory years later.Close to three hundred years later Diodorus exclaimed that mounds (ramps) were used to slide the pyramids up one block at a time. Diodorus’s theory is much more respected because the crane had not been invented at the time the pyramids were being built, and if it had there would be remains of it somewhere. In his theory the ramps ran circles going up around the pyramid, and the block were slide up farther and father and put into place each time. The ramp could be no larger than eight percent or the men would not be able to move the blocks upward. Like all other theories of how the pyramids were built Diodorus’s is very faulty to.For the ramp to have corkscrewed up the pyramid would mean that the corners would have to be finished last. If the corners were finished last how would they plan t o keep the pyramid perfectly square. In today’s day and time most people tend to lean towards the theory that extraterrestrials must have aided the Ancient Egyptians in building this work of art. We may not know much of how the great Pyramids of Giza were built, but we do know what they are composed of. The Pyramids of Giza were composed of building blocks, an outer shell, and an inner shell.The building blocks were made of both limestone and granite, and they were quarried locally. The outsides of the pyramids were made almost entirely of limestone. This limestone gave the pyramid an incredibly bright shine and made it seem that much more magnificent. The inner shells of the pyramids were mainly composed of granite, but not just one type of granite. The important chambers for the queens and pharaohs in the pyramids were usually built with a special type of granite know as pink granite. When looking into this work of art the final question we should ask is, what elements shou ld be noticed about this work?When looking at the Pyramids of Giza we should notice several different elements. We should look into the formal, symbolic, and social elements of it. The formal elements of this artwork are sometimes overlooked. When looking at this piece of artwork compared to a painting, sculpture, or another type of art some people forget that it even is art. This structure didn’t take one person a few hours to complete it took thousands of people many years to complete. Heavy stone was moved long distances without the use of machinery just to have a burial site for a few beings.The symbolic elements of the Pyramids of Giza are the most significant. The Pyramid is a sign that a very well known, respected individual has been sent onward to the after life, but his presence will never be forgotten. The pyramid is a symbol of the suns rays shining down to Earth letting Khufu’s people know he is still with them. Last but not least the social elements of the pyramids should be noticed. At this point in time in Ancient Egypt bodies were placed in tombs where the spirit of the body went to the afterlife, but the actual body had a place to rest from that point on.Although the Pyramids of Giza are much larger than others tombs, they are still simply a socially accepted place to be put to rest. All tombs are art because they have to be created, but the Pyramids of Giza are a much larger and complex piece of art. The time put into them, complexity of there structure, and the intellectual people that were put to the test to build this structure give it the elements of art that make it so magnificent. Works Cited Brier, Bob. â€Å"How To Build A Pyramid. (Cover Story). † Archaeology 60. 3 (2007): 22-27. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 April 2013. Carrol, Colleen. Clip & Save Art Notes. † Art & Activities 140. 5 (2007): 33-35. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 April 2013. Ikram, SalimaKamrin, Janice. â€Å"Marks The Spot!. † Calliope (2012) : 3-6. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 April 2013. Ikram, SalimaKamrin, Janice. â€Å"The Majestic Three. † Calliope (2012): 24-26. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 April 2013. Lesko, Leonard H. â€Å"Preparing For The Afterlife. † Calliope (2012): 7-11. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 April 2013. Schiff, Bennett. â€Å"Out Of Egypt: Art In The Age Of The Pyramids. (Cover Story). † Smithsonian 30. 6 (1999): 108. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 1 April 2013.

Pretty Little Liars Essay

Pretty Little Liars is the story of four teen girls—Aria, Hanna, Spencer, and Emily— whose world is turned upside down when their ringleader Alison goes missing. The book begins a year after Alison’s disappearance. Aria has been abroad for a year with her family, and the other three girls have drifted apart. When Aria returns from Iceland, Alison’s body is finally found, and the four girls start receiving creepy and threatening text messages from an untraceable number. The texts are signed â€Å"A. A’s texts indicate she knows everything about the girls, which is dangerous because each of the girls has a secret she doesn’t want to expose. The liars also have a collective secret: They were involved in an accident that left one of their peers blind. Jenna, the blind girl, comes back for Alison’s funeral. Jenna doesn’t know that Alison was the one who set off the stink bomb that caused an explosion and blinded her. The liars feel guilty for not talking Alison out of the dangerous prank. Alison blackmailed Jenna’s step-brother Toby, and he was forced to take the blame for the explosion. He too returns to Rosewood after a year of being away. When it’s discovered that Alison was wearing Toby’s sweater when she died, Toby is arrested for murder. Through all of this, the mysterious A meddles with the girls’ lives: Photos of Emily’s same-sex kiss are sent to Emily’s mother, and Aria’s mom gets a letter detailing her husband’s infidelities, which Aria knew about. Via text, â€Å"A† taunts the girls to find out his/her identity during a birthday party in the woods for Mona, Hanna’s social-climbing best friend. Hanna succeeds at discovering A’s identity, but gets hit by a car before she can reveal it to anyone.

Slave Hollers

Roger Longfell Professor Lederdeck MUS 201 2/20/13 Slave Hollers Field Hollers were first developed in the cotton and rice fields of the American slavery era. They were desired for their familiarity with rice cultivation. It was founded in South Carolina’s Waccamaw plantation district during the eighteenth century. Low Country slaves cleared plantation land similar to their home country of Africa. In an attempt to meet the overseer's rigorous demands, slaves continued efficient African practices of harvesting when they came to America.Field Hollers emerged from what the African’s previously used to fuel productivity. Most importantly Field Hollers enforce cooperative work and help numb the mental pain of their bondage. Slaves sang group work songs that we call Field Hollers today. Similar to  spirituals, field hollers followed a model of call and response. It began with one of the more respected field hands leading the workers in a song. The others responded in sync w ith the rhythmic tone of the call. The task at hand determined the tempo of the song and the pace in which they worked.Most commonly, slaves born in Africa sung songs that remind them of their homeland. American born slaves were considered African-American because of their African roots. African-American sung about the hardships of enslavement mainly because many were born and raised in enslavement. This theme can now be seen in the lyrics of blues songs, a form that developed at the turn of the 20th Century. Blues incorporated both the rhythmic patterns of field hollers and their subject matter to form its unique sound

Self Reflective Course Concept Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self Reflective Course Concept - Essay Example A brief recap on the old concept of business that dictates the main essence of establishing a business is to maximize profits. These old concept discouraged organizations against social responsibility as the accountability of the social responsibility on the part of the organizational profit could not be viewed. It is on these basis that the new concept of business was entailed which necessitated that the business carries out its activities, becomes socially responsible and maintains its customers. This was a crucial aspect for various business ventures as most of them sustained the business venture with confidentiality and loyalty from their customers. The aspect of Social responsibility can never be over-emphasized in any organization. Sir Immanuel Kant a deontologist suggested that in order for people to act morally they must act from positions of duty. He also added that it is not the various action consequences that make them either right or wrong, but the intensions or rather motives of the person carrying them. Deontological ethics refers to the ethical normative stance that determines how moral an action on the adherence of the rule and finally rules. To the business organization morals are determined by what is generally right. Aspects of giving consumers the right product quantity, disclosing enough information about the various goods and services, giving quality products are all issues covered in deontological ethics. Teleological ethics touches on morality that dictates the moral obligations and duties and distinguishes it from what is desirable or good. Ethical egoism can generally be referred to as the position accorded to the agents of morals. Those at positions that necessitates their exercise of morals. These are determined by what is in their own self interest. Their relationship to business ethics is that they all contribute to the topic on ethics and guide the ethical profession Teleological ethics touches on

Finance Week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Finance Week 2 - Essay Example I am pleased that we can use a financial calculator to help us, but if I am unsure about the variables then it won’t help me much. For interest rates, I was previously unsure about how they are determined and why they can change so quickly. After going through Chapter 6, however, I now feel like I have a good grasp of it. 2. The financial ratio that I find easiest to understand is the single future cash flow ratio because it is very straightforward and there are no added variables. By that I mean that anyone with only a basic understanding of math would be able to comprehend it because the ratio follows a pattern. The hardest financial ratios to understand are those with multiple future cash flows because the answers can be unpredictable if there is a series of unequal amounts. The cash flow timeline helps me a lot because I can visualize each cash flow in terms of where it comes from and how it influences the overall outcome. The most difficult thing is trying to figure out where the investment problems variables fit into the equation. Once I have the right equation, I can usually solve for the unknown variable because then it just becomes a simple case of math. 3. The financial calculator is both useful and challenging for me at the same time. I like it because it helps me to find the correct answer in a short amount of time. If I have figured out all the variables, then I can simply plug the numbers in and the calculator will spit out the answer. The one problem that I have with it is that I sometimes don’t fully understand why it gave me a certain answer. If I was able to work through the problem step-by-step, then I would have a better understanding of it. 4. I would describe the current level of interest rates as moderately high. Although current inflation is relatively low due to the financial crisis, there is still a lot of risk in the marketplace, and this ensures that

Summury for food chain lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summury for food chain lesson plan - Essay Example You will get all the information regarding lesson plan and how to use Wikispaces Select the grades you are interested in say 3-5 grades (as you are teaching them) Select the subject say Science. Select the topic in Science say Food Chain and Ecosystem Then select the lesson plan You can select the video you are interested in. Visit the website http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/ select lesson plan option Select the grade 3-5 you will get all the chapters as a list and then select the topic you require. Lesson Plan Week 1 Day 1: Ask the children the leading question â€Å"What did you eat for dinner last night?" Ask them to write what they ate as separate ingredients like beef, pasta, bread, rice etc. Then ask them to categorize the food that they ate as: Source of food- Plants or Animals, Fungi (in case of Mushrooms). Introduce the concept of producers- plants, they make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. Introduce the concept of consumers- organisms that eat either the producers or the consumers. Day 2: Categorize consumers as herbivore, carnivore, omnivore, and dentritivore (or decomposers). Ask questions as: Name the animals which that eat plants. Name the animals that eat other animals. Name the animals that eat both plants and animals. Name the decomposers. Explain the importance of decomposers. Explain why plants are essential for us.

Socialization and Other Skills for the Students Essay

Socialization and Other Skills for the Students - Essay Example The student is in the classroom and often daydreams. In order to help this student, I would work with the student in a quiet area within the classroom. I would break the assignments down into smaller chunks. I would use a timer for this and set the timer to correspond with the student’s attention span. As an example, if I saw that the student began to daydream after ten minutes, I would set the timer for ten minutes and then allow the class to have a short break at the end of each 10 minutes. I would also use small group activities so that the student could interact with other students during the learning process. The third intervention would be to watch the student and as I saw them going into a daydreaming phase I would let them know I was going to call on them next to answer a question. I would remind the class to focus on what we were doing at that time so I could bring the student’s attention back to the classroom. This intervention would specifically address the d aydreaming in that it would give the student something to do for a shorter amount of time. The outcome for the intervention would be that the student was able to sit in the classroom for the entire classroom time, without daydreaming. Progress for this intervention could be monitored by keeping track of the amount of time that the student is able to tolerate. As an example, the starting point would be 10 minutes, the time would be extended to 15 minutes and then finally to the full class time. Once the student could stay in the class without daydreaming and without using the timer, I would know that the intervention was effective.

International Marketing in Construction Industry Essay

International Marketing in Construction Industry - Essay Example ...) are aware of possible future challenges in this sector, and have started, or are preparing, to address them. The competition in this industry is high because these countries have a high demand for construction services, as they deem it to be necessary for their overall economic growth. In the past years, both the demand and the supply curves for this industry have witnessed a rightward shift, but as can be seen from the diagram below, the increase in demand has been more than the increase in supply, leading to a higher equilibrium price, and making this industry a highly profitable one for suppliers. Due to this very reason, there has been a lot of capital inflow and investment in the region, with more firms entering the market and a higher degree of competition in the industry. Deciding exactly which place to go will depend on the country's economy, the firm's goals, competition in that particular country, the market for labour force, etc. Also, policies by Governments and other statutory bodies regarding restriction on entry of foreign firms in the country will play a role. In the following topics, we shall discuss what factors will help the firm gain access to the market, and how the firm can tailor its own assets so as to make sure it best suits the region's industry. If we happen to see a bird's eye view of the constru... There is a huge variety in different states concerning the degree of development in this sector. For example, although public construction has remained weak in Vietnam, there has been a strong expansion in private construction that began in late-2001, and still continues1. In fact, this momentum was enough to pull overall growth in the industrial sector up to 9.0 per cent in 2003. Data shows that construction activities recovered strongly in Brunei from a contraction of 2.4 per cent in 2001 to expand 7.5 per cent in the following year but a real estate glut in the capital added to the sector's difficulties in 20032. The construction industry in Singapore has an annual gross output of about $10 billion, with a capacity of about $12 billion (Ofori, Foreign construction workers in Singapore). If we bring this to the forefront, then investing in Singapore's construction industry definitely seems to be a beneficial option for the firm. The industry contributes around 7 per cent of gross d omestic product (GDP) of the country and accounts for about 6.5 per cent of total employment. A very important thing to note is that since the mid-1980s, construction enterprises from Singapore have won a sizeable volume of projects in countries within the region. So, investors in Singapore are able to access markets throughout the region, without actually investing permanently in them. Regarding the area of Foreign Direct Investments in the region, South, East and South-East Asia have continued to be the main magnet for capital inflows into developing countries. In 2005, South-East Asia sub-region received $37 billion (Auansakul, An Excerpt from an Overview of World Investment Report 2006), led by Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Policies like allowing single-brand

Effects on Businesses as it relates to employee's smoking habits Research Paper

Effects on Businesses as it relates to employee's smoking habits - Research Paper Example This has created a concern for the human resource department. The premiums of the health insurance are seen to rise and now the companies are looking towards shifting this cost towards the employees. Some of the organizations are charging surcharges, while some others have decided not to recruit smoker at the first. This has created hue and cry among the experts and they demand stricter action from the side of the government. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Affect of smoking 4 Discussion 6 Results 9 Recommendations 13 Reference 14 Introduction In recent times the smoking habit of the employees has become a major concern for the employers of United States. It has been seen that when the employees make a positive move towards the lifestyle by leaving their smoking habit both the society and employers benefits at large. Though there is clear evidence of harmful effect of cigarette smoking on the health of the employees; yet there is much debate regarding the matter. Research has also e stablished that there is a reciprocal relationship between smoking and financial stress and social disadvantage. Several researches have also highlighted on the link between various form of social deprivation and high smoking rates (Stobbe, 2013). Rising number of research also focuses on the relationship that intensification and reinforcement of material hardship and financial stress is caused by smoking. ... Affect of smoking Health Hazards The use of tobacco is not only a chief cause of death from non-communicable diseases such as respiratory disease, cancer and heart disease but also from communicable diseases like tuberculosis, which exaggerates and activates the use of tobacco. The use of tobacco causes 600,000 deaths all over the globe and reduces the life expectancy of an individual by 20 to 25 years. According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) smoking causes a rise in the risk of infertility, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive lung diseases, lung cancer, stroke and coronary heart disease. Smoking affects almost every organ in the human body (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.). This association can be adjusted through environmental and other exposures and the effect can be moderated via early detection and screening. However the affect of smoking generally increase with age and the burden of chronic and no n-communicable diseases increases (African Union, n.d.). Cost for Employers In 2000 smoking was one of the primary factors that caused death. Apart from mortality the economic burden caused by death is also of significant amount. As per the estimation of Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), every year the cost of estimation increases by $167 billion in United States. This estimation includes both $92 billion, the cost of loss of productivity resulting from the loss of productive life on the event of premature death and $75 billion resulting from the indirect healthcare cost (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, n.d.; NBC News, 2005). There are some addition costs that are bear by the employer of the smokers like effect of second hand

Tennessee Technological University Essay Example for Free

Tennessee Technological University Essay In choosing the right kind of University that mold and hone one person’s talents and skills to survive the â€Å"real world†, one must not only consider the academic quality given by the university, rather all aspects that the university can contribute to the individual. With my aspiration to become a computer science specialist, I chose TTU for the same reason as every one has, it has a strong credibility in terms of its different fields of study, and other curricular activities that promote the well-being of the individual. I can not demise the fact that it was named as one of America’s 100 Best College Buys, which implies that the money invested in the education of a student is very worth it for the quality of education TTU has given. It has remained atop of public schools nationwide, and regarded by the Princeton Review as the Best Southeastern College. With all the qualifications and strength of the school in terms of quality education and instructor, one is only left with the impression that in TTU, the foundation of true college academic attainment is indeed felt. The application process at TTU requires an accomplished application form that is readily made available in pdf format online. A $15 application fee must also be paid. The university’s admission also requires official transcripts of high school record be sent directly to the Office of Undergraduate Admissions. To ensure a healthy well-being of its students, TTU also requires applicants to submit an accomplished Student Health Form, also made available online, and a form for meningitis or hepatitis. I chose TTU as my university not only for the qualification it has in its Department of Computer Science at the College of Arts and Sciences, but also how it maintains an environment that is safe and convenient for its students to enjoy. Aside from the different activities laid out by the school, the campus grounds alone speaks of how dedicated the university is in maintaining a healthy environment for its students to enjoy. I entrust TTU to mold me into someone better and fulfilled, I chose TTU to help me fulfill my dreams.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis And Management Nursing Essay

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Diagnosis And Management Nursing Essay Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection which causes wide variety of infection from upper to lower genital tract.(1) It ascends from cervix or vagina to peritoneal cavity include endometritis, salpingitis, parametritis, oophoritis, tuboovarian abscess and pelvic peritonitis. (2,3) PID is a major problem in public health consequences because it is related to fallopian tube inflammation which can lead to infertility as a final complication.(1) PID is polymicrobial disease, so some sexually transmitted microorganisms are associated with PID. These are Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Neisseria gonorrhoea, and bacterial vaginosis, predominantly anaerobes. (4, 7) PID can be prevent by regular screening for Chlamydia infection and appropriate treatment of it. (4) There is no single diagnosis or finding that can do specific diagnosis of PID. The diagnosis is based on the result of pelvic organ tenderness. Mild-to-moderate PID patients are treat as out patient which include tolerated antibiotic regimens against common microorganism in PID Clinically severe PID treatment done as hospitalization of the patient. (11) Sexually active women especially at the reproductive age and under the age of 25, are at the highest risk for acquiring this disease through sexually transmitted bacteria. The intrauterine devices (IUDs) are also increased risk in women who have this device in their uterus for contraception.(6) Pic: The female anatomy (6) Differential diagnosis: In case of PID the clinician should concern about differential diagnosis before confirm the diagnosis. The differential diagnosis PID of can be as follows (3): Ectopic pregnancy Endometritis Salpingitis(8) Cervicitis (8) Ovarian cyst torsion, rapture or malignancy UTI Appendicitis Clinical Diagnosis of PID: Clinical diagnosis of PID is based on the combination of patients clinical history, physical examination and some laboratory studies.(2,5) The following findings are important for diagnosis of PID: Physical or general finding: Low grade temperature, lower abdominal pain, abnormal intermenstrual bleeding or metrorrhagia, abnormal cervical discharge, postcoital pain and bleeding, urinary frequency, low back pain, nausea and vomiting.(5,8) Bimanual pelvic examination: Cervical and uterine motion tenderness or adnexal tenderness should present for confirming the diagnosis of PID.(10). Laboratory finding: Leucocytosis more than 10 x 109 WBC/L , elevated C-reactive protein, elevated ESR, Gram negative intracellular diplococcic on gram stain, and positive Chlamydia test.(5) Some definitive diagnosis: Endometrial biopsy for endometritis, transvaginal sonography or ultrasonography for pelvic or tubo-ovarian complex and the laparoscopic abnormalities associated with PID.(5) Management The PID management include short term and long term treatment. Short term treatment help to reduce or eliminate the sign symptom of patients. On the other hand long term treatment help to decrease the further complications. Outpatient therapy: As aforementioned that mild-to-moderate PID patients are given treatment as out patient therapy (5) Recommended Regimen: ceftriaxone 250 mg im as one dose + doxycycline 100 mg orally 12 hourly for 14 days or Azithromycin 500 mg orally followed by 250 mg orally daily for a total of 7 days + metronidazole 400 mg orally 12 hourly for 14 days Inpatient therapy: Clinically severe PID treatment done as hospitalization of the patient. (11) Recommended Regimen(5): Clindamycin 900 mg intravenously every 8 hours for 14 days PLUS Ceftriaxone 1g intravenously every 12 hours for 14 days Alternative Regimens(12) Cefoxitin 2 g intravenously every 6 hours for 14 days OR Cefotetan 2 g intravenously every 12 hours for 14 days PLUS Doxycycline 100 mg orally or intravenously every 12 for 14 days hours OR Ampicillin/sulbactam 3 g intravenously every 6 hours for 14 days PLUS Doxycycline 100 mg orally or intravenously every 12 hours for 14 days Indications for hospitalisation If the patients are required intravenous therapy for serious clinical condition, then patient should be hospitalised. The following patients should be hospitalised, clinically severe patients, pregnant woman with PID, surgical emergency such as appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, failure of out patient therapy and immunodeficiency patient. (5) Removal of IUCD The intrauterine devices (IUDs) increased the risk of PID. So IUCD should remove if there is any clinical evidence of PID.(6) Complication of PID: Delay in diagnosis and treatment, or inadequate treatment increase the rate of complications.(13) The complications are (13): Chronic lower abdominal pain Ectopic pregnancy Increased risk of PID in future Tubo-ovarian abscess. Infertility The points should known to patients (5): It can be acquired other than sexually transmitted and the partners also should be tested and treated for sexually transmitted infections. The nature of infection and complication should be known to patients and they should know the importance of follow up. Contact tracing Contact tracing is finding and notifying the person with the infection so they can have counselling, testing and treatment and it is important for prevention the long term health problem.(9) Follow-up Close follow up is necessary for prevention of complications.(5) Prevention: Prevention of STD is necessary to prevent PID. So early detection of any lower genital infections is necessary to prevent PID. (14) Cervical Chlamydial infection identification and treating can make smaller the incidence number of PID. (4) Finally, sex partners of women with PID should be examined and treated for gonococcal and Chlamydial infection for prevention the spread of STDs in the community.(14)

Amul as a brand name

Amul as a brand name Company information Amul as a brand name is familiar to almost every individual in India, Amul is known for its quality products purity and hygiene. For over more than the past 50 years Amul has been serving the consumers of India with a variety of quality products. Amul follows a business model to provide products to customers which provides value for money to the consumer. Amul has enjoyed its status of market leader in products like butter, cheese and dry milk, by providing customers with quality products at competitive prices. It is one of the largest food products manufacturing organisation of India. It is a Dairy Cooperative of Gujarat, also known as The Gujarat Cooperative milk marketing federation Ltd. Gujarat as a state of India is a leader in organizing dairy cooperatives and its success is not only limited in India but acts as a model for rest of the World. Over the last fifty odd years, Dairy Cooperatives in Gujarat have created an economic network that connects more than 2.8 million village milk producers with million of consumers in India and abroad through a cooperative system. These cooperatives collect on an average 7.5 million litres of milk per day from the producers. Amul has brought a significant change in social and economic situation of our rural people. The Dairy Cooperatives have helped to bring an end to the exploitation of farmers and has increased the level of benefits to our rural producers of milk. The turnover of Amul during 2008-09 was Rs. 67.11 billion. Amul currently markets the products which are produced by the district milk unions in 30 dairy plants which work under the renowned brand name Amul. The total production capacity of these plants is 11.6 million litres per day, four of the dairy plants mentioned are having processing capacity of more than 1 million Litres per day. The Gujarat Cooperative milk marketing federation Ltd.(Amuls) Total Quality Management ensures that the quality of products meets its standards right from the starting place of milk producer through the value chain until it reaches the consumer thus Amul is trying to provide value to its customers which not only satisfies the customer needs but delights the customer. Amul cannot be considered as business enterprise which works primarily for the generation of profits. It is an institution created by the milk producers to primarily safeguard their economic and social interest. Business houses generate profits in order to distribute profit to shareholders in shape of dividend, whereas in case of Amul the surplus is ploughed back and distributed back to farmers through village societies. Amul has time and again came up with innovative advertising which has helped Amul to develop itself as a brand which appeals people with assurance of its quality. The creative advertisement of Amul has created a position of its products which is generating higher sales for Amul. For 30 odd years Amuls Utterly Butterly girl has managed to keep her fan following intact, the advertisements are now ready to enter the Guinness Book of World Records for being the longest running campaign ever. Business Mission As we take strides towards our future, we need a mission which create an objective for our organization so that we can direct our efforts in order to achieve organizational growth, this mission must be backed up by a set of action plans which may help us in achieving our objectives in a best possible manner Amul has prepared a comprehensive roadmap in order to guide that the dairy cooperatives of Gujarat to have a group turnover of Rs. 27000 crores by the year 2020. The company is planning on its expansion and through expansion the company will create fresh avenues for growth by catering to the rising demand for new products, this would include increasing the capacity for major product categories including milk powders, Ice-cream, paneer, cheese, curd, ghee and other dairy products. Milk drying capacity will also be enhanced. in order to to strengthen the presence of company in the large market, for liquid milk Special emphasis will be given to metropolitan cities.The company is plan ning to double its processing capacity of its plants to 20.7 million kg per day.The basic raw material of Amul products is milk and for increasing milk production nutritious feed should be provided to animals. For this very purpose the company is planning to expand its cattlefeed manufacturing capacity by 2020. Amuls achievement of its mission will not only be beneficial for the organization but it will be helpful for the development of economy as a whole. Marketing objective As a company the marketing objective of Amul is to provide quality products to the customers that satisfies their requirements. The company is manufacturing only those products which are not hazardous for the human consumption. In food items Amul is providing nutritious and good quality food to its customers at affordable prices, which is one of the main reason of its quality image in the mind of consumer. With the introduction of noodles to our product range we are providing a healthier product for our customers in shape of noodles with varied tastes and flavours. Regarding our sales objective we have set aggressive yet achievable objectives for the first, second and continuing years of the launch of our product . First year objective ( jan 2010 to dec 2010) We want to achieve sales for 40% of our existing capacity gaining at least 20% of market. It will be backed by strong advertisement and sales promotion as at least 20% of customers of the total market share may not be loyal towards a certain brand of noodles Second an continuing year objectives (JAN 2011 TO DEC 2011) We want to achieve at least 10% growth in sales on quarterly basis. Marketing plan Organizations use marketing plans for several purposes, which are connected with creation and retention of a customer. Several purposes for which marketing plans are used are : Finding out the market for the products. Tastes and preferences in terms of customer likings. Competitors their strengths and weaknesses. Outlining a plan for getting and retaining customers. Recognizing and predicting change. The main feature of a good marketing plan are: To know the customer. What he likes and what he doesnt like. What he expects out of a product. Know your competition, related products, strengths and weaknesses. Determining these factors can help you understand the strengths and weaknesses of your competitor, needs wants and desires of a customer and changes in the market. A marketing plan should be able to cover all of the above features so as to be successful in terms of achievement of objective In order to make a successful marketing plan it should follow the following steps Remember the four Ps of marketing. To obtain your goal, your plan should consider product, price, place and promotion. Describe your target market. This can be done in many ways including segmenting on the basis of: age, gender, career, income level or where customers live. Recognize your competition. This can be done through market research data, product demand, determining strengths and weaknesses of competitors. Define your product, and try describing it from a customers point of view. Successful marketers know or have some idea of what their customers want or expect from them, companies working on the needs of the customers and marketing products keeping in view customer values usually experience a rapid increase in sales. Make a marketing budget for your plan. This is one of the necessary step in market plan as companies become prepared for what they have to spend on advertisements as it includes money needed for advertising and promotions, materials and a list of media use, as a practical marketing plan needs money. Create a pricing strategy. A company should also develop a pricing strategy, by doing this, you can get a complete knowledge of how to price your product, whether it is in line with competitors price and how you can bring the prices in line. To be successful, you should have a well-planned strategy, establish your policies, and always check prices and operating costs in order to maximize profits. Make an efficient promotional strategy. An efficient promotional strategy can be helpful for the cause of the organization which can lead to increased sales like advertisements in magazines, TV, radio, etc. your strategy should use different outlets to advertise and continue using the ones that work in order to reap high benefits. Existing product range: Situation Analysis FMCG as an industry has had a vast development in terms of the type of products, increasing competition and increasing change in techonology. Due to the ever increasing customer requirements for the processed foods it has created tremendous increase in the production of processed foods. Products launched by Amul during the early 2000 were Amul Pizza, Cheese and Amul slice cheese, Amul ice-cream etc. Amul ice cream has now became the 2nd largest brand in the country and has taken major share in its existing markets in a short period of time. Amuls ice-cream manufacturing unit is located at Gandhinagar which is considered to be Asias largest and most modern integrated ice-cream manufacturing plant. Amul has became very popular due to its excellent and dynamic marketing strategies. Amuls marketing strategy is to understand the needs of the consumer and produce such products that provide superior value to the customer at a very low price. Amul has created an excellent distribution channe l to provide its products to the consumers who are living in the nooks and corners of the country, thus its products available in each part India. Amul is currently producing ready to serve soups like Masti Tomato Soup Masti Hot Sour Soup and is planning to launch noodles as this marketing plan is being prepared for the introduction of noodles into the market by Amul. Before diversification it is good for the firm to analyse competitors, and in order to analyse the competition in India it should compare its product with maggi, as it has been the most successful brand of noodles in India the company should also consider its strengths opportunities weaknesses opportunities and threats. Competitors As this marketing plan has been prepared for the launch of noodles by Amul, it is better to consider the competition the competition in this very segiment. In india the market leader for noodles is Maggi, Maggi has been familiar to every individual in India for more than 25 years. Maggi as a brand came up in 1983 , this brand has been able to create a market for itself as when it was launched it was a new product for Indians. Maggi made noodle a household product by generating its requirement in the masses in India. To lay an emphasis on its silver jubilee, Maggi is running an advertisement campaign Me Meri Maggi. The new campaign is designed to be interactive with the brand, inviting its consumers to share interesting stories Maggi which have a linking in their life. Maggi became a successful product because it understood the needs, wants and desires of the consumers. Maggi slowly attached itself to Indian consumers needs without disruption of his other food habits. Maggi took into consideration preferences of the consumes, as when consumers wanted healthy food, Maggi launched Atta Noodle. Maggi over these years have made lot of mistakes due to its experiments which it has been time and again trying to make with its products. Although there are other competitors for noodles in India like Top Ramen and Chings veg noodles but they are having a limited market share in the Indian market SWOT Analysis Strengths Increasing demand of existing products: A high demand is expected in milk and milk products in future due to the increasing income of the consumers as milk is considered as a necessary product, the demand will increase with the development of an economy, and the projections from various analysts state that India has good prospects to develop in the coming years, thus the sales of Amul are expected to increase over a period of time. Well established brand image: Amul has been able to maintain its value in the mind of consumers in such a way that it is considered as one of the most loyal brands, which will be one of the major strengths of Amul to generate sales for its newly launched related products if the company wishes to diversify in related product lines. High profit and low per unit Margins: Amul is earning a reasonable profit, even on packed liquid milk, it is enjoying the benefits of economies to scale. Whereas the margins per unit limit the entry of potential entrants as it may be a high risk situation for them to enter the market with a low percentage of profits. Flexibility of product lines: Amul has been adding a wide range of products to its product line and has had a high success rate in its diversification, therefore it is providing an option of producing other related products in its diversified product lines. Availability of raw material and labour supply: There is abundant supply of raw material for Amul products in India, besides there is availability of cheap and skilled labour force in India which can lead to high productivity with minimal costs. Amul has a professionally trained human resource pool that possess good experience and varied technical skills. Increasing purchase power and changing tastes of the consumers: The robust economic growth has pushed the disposable incomes of the consumers, 45 per cent of which are spent on food items. In addition to this population growth is also playing a major role in triggering the demand with baby food items showing the great potential to grow at a faster pace The growing urbanisation, nuclear families, increasing number of working women, etc., are slowly influencing the consumption habits and patterns, shifting the consumer preferences in favour of ready-to-eat preparations, thus in turn accelerating the demand for these products and expanding the scope of the industry. Increasing number of NRI-supported families and NRIs themselves visiting the country apart from the increasing number of foreigners residing in the country, are also responsible for changing composition of the consumption basket to some extent, in turn boosting up the demand of food processing companies like Amul. Weaknesses Perishable nature of its products: the products of Amul are perishable in nature and there is a proper requirement of cold storage, the company on its part is playing a vital role for maintaining the freshness of their products but they can get disturbed through the supply of milk from vendors and the sellers of their products in the market although Pasteurization has overcome this weakness partially. Amul Dairy is also taking steps to store milk at the vendors end to improve life of its products. Uncertainty of availability of adequate raw material: There is little control over yield of milk and its price, as a lot depends upon the monsoon in our country. This is due to the reason that quality of cattle feed that would be produced will not be having the required nutrition that can lead to the high productivity of milk. Logistics and insufficient means of transport for perishable food items: Bad roads and inadequate transportation facility make transport of milk a problem. All these factors lead to perishing of the procured milk which can create problems for Amul, but with the overall development of Indian economy, these issues would also get resolved. Lack of adequate Infrastructure: The infrastructure available is not up to the current standards non-availability of adequate infrastructural facilities, like cold chain systems, refrigerated transport and cabinets, etc. Besides there is use of technology in various global dairies which start from the collection of milk up to its distribution to the end consumer which is one of the weakness of Amul Opportunities Processing raw materials for adding value: There is a vast scope for processing milk and making a variety of products from the same. Amul can come up with a diversified range of products as there is the availability of all primary resources like raw material, labour, finances etc, also with a well established brand image, Amul can produce related products and reap the profits from the same. Globalization And increasing Export potential: Amul is exporting its various products to various countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nigeria, and the Middle East. Opportunities for the export of agri-products are increasing in general and the increase in export of dairy products is also expected. Globalization has integrated the world market and has increased opportunities of various companies like Amul. Diversification into related products: Amul can diversify into related products which may be already in the market, it may take a large chunk of the market share from the existing producers due to its brand image, which can help in generating the sales for its newly launched products. Threats Milk vendors can degrade the quality of raw milk: Milk vendors can pose a threat to the company as they are only concerned with the profit they are going to earn from milk. The quality of the milk is found to be poor as compared to the international standards. Companies like Amul have now to check the milk properly before it is sold to the end consumer. Threat form the global companies: Due to globalization a large number of multinational companies may get attracted towards manufacturing their products in India due to abundant availability of raw materials and cheap labour force, which may increase the competition for Amul. It may create shortage of milk in our country and can adversely affect the companies like Amul and the increase in the price due to shortage of milk may effect the end consumer. Use of technology by foreign companies and quality consciousness of foreign consumer: of Foreign companies are having improved technology like the collection of milk from cattle can be done with the help of machines this leads to efficiency in terms of less wastage of time and, further it is automatically disposed to various channels for processing or packaging of milk, ultimately this helps in higher productivity involving less variable costs of labour and ultimately low cost of production. However this type if system is not yet prevailing in India. Many European customers emphasize on the collection of milk through machines due to their quality consciousness. Because of these reasons they are reducing the market potential of Indian milk products. The study of this SWOT analysis displays that the strengths and opportunities of Amul outweigh its weaknesses and threats. Amul has a big market share in India where as in European nations it can create its market demand by making the products which satisfy their standards. Thus any investment idea can generate profits for you if a company is having three essential ingredients of: The ability to take risks as an entrepreneur. An innovative approach in product lines and marketing. Maintenance of quality and considering ethics and society. Target market identification and strategy In a market different consumers have varying needs and wants, every person may not like the same food due to their varying tastes and preferences, therefore marketers start dividing the markets into various segments. They identify the features of various consumers who may require the same products and services by checking their utility for the product, like if a marketers starts marketing of newspaper to illiterate, cigarette to non smokers etc, the sellers products will not satisfy any need of consumer and hence the consumer will not purchase the product. Thus a marketer should properly segment the market on the basis of needs and requirements of the consumer in order to determine his target market. In case of noodles we will segment the markets on the basis of age which would determine the target market for our company. We have further fragmented our target market on the basis of tastes of people, some of the prospective customers may like sweet dishes where as some among the people in our target market may like salty dishes whereas there are others who prefer classic noodles with masala. Therefore in order to cater to all the fragmented markets we are coming up with products for all of them in order to have maximum share of the market. In India potential consumers who consume noodles are the people who are of the age group of 3-20 years, and we would target the consumers from the same segment by framing our promotions and advertisement campaigns to attract people from the market segment based on the mentioned age group, by doing this we would be able to focus on the large chunk of people who consume noodles in large quantities and can be our prospective customers. This can onl y be achieved by creating awareness about the product through promotions and advertisements which composes the marketing mix of our company. Marketing mix Product We are manufactured 100% vegetarian noodles in order to target the wide market in India as a lot of people in India have only veg. food we have further prepared a lot of flavours of our noodles in order to give variety to customer. We have further fragmented our target market on the basis of tastes of people, some of the prospective customers may like sweet dishes where as some among the people in our target market may like salty dishes whereas there are others who prefer classic noodles with masala. Therefore in order to cater to all the fragmented markets we are coming up with products for all of them in order to have maximum share of the market. Our product is easy to cook and is at a price which is providing consumer surplus to our customers, thereby we provide value for the worth spent by our customer. If u are not able to cook anything and you are alone, our product can be prepared as they are easy to cook and takes just 2 minutes. The features which differentiate our products from that of our competitors are: Quality raw materials used It tastes great and is good for health Value for money Easy to cook Ready in 2 minutes Add anything you want (make your own recipe) 100% vegetarian Family packs at low prices Product launch information There are three variants in our product: sweet, salty and classic Out of the variants sweet and classic would be introduced in Market in the first stage, that is in the first year or on introduction,. Salty would be introduced during the following year Brand name of our product Branding is all about creating differences between products by letting the consumer differentiate the similar products himself. In order to make a branding strategy successful and to create a brand value, consumers must be convinced there are meaningful differences among brands in the product or service category. The name of our noodles have been set in order to give the buyer a clear idea of the manufacturer, as we are having a good reputation in the market, our newly introduced products that are having a similar name of that of the company may generate huge sales in the initial stage of its launch. We have given brand name of our noodles as Amul classic noodles, Amul sweet noodles and after one year of our successful launch of our product we are going to launch Amul salty noodles, thus the branding strategy which would be used gives corporate name combined with individual product name of the company. Place/ Distribution: Amul noodles will be set out for sale in India for the first year of its launch. During the first year of its launch we will plan for the various nations where the availability of our product will generate some demand by considering the values and needs in those countries. Further we are planning to launch our noodles in Asian nations in the second or third year of the launch of our product which will be determined by the market demand of our product in India. Regarding the distribution channel of our product we already have an existing distribution channel where we sell our products to a distributor and then he further sells the products to a whole seller and then to retailer we have specified the margins separately for each of them, our existing channel of distribution is well established and cover almost all the parts of India. Therefore we would consider our existing distribution channel for our noodles so as to make our product available in the market in a very short period of time. We can see from figure that Amuls distribution channel is simple and clear. The products move through three parties before it reaches to the final consumer. First of all the products are stored at the Agents or distributors and who are mere facilitators in the network. Then the products are sold to wholesale dealers, then they sell the same to retailers and then the product finally reaches the consumers. Distribution Channel Promotion Objectives of Promotion Strategies Before determining the promotion strategies, we need to be very clear about what are the objectives we need to achieve through promotion. Therefore we would first determine the objective behind the promotion of our product, this helps in devising a promotional strategy which is in line with its objectives. The main objective for the promotion of our product is to generate sales, though the objective of promotion is also to some extent determined by our target market, therefore we would devise promotional campaigns that have an impact on the target market. Then we identify the channels for promotion which include various media for advertisement. Which include: Online Advertisement Television Advertisement Radio Advertisement Newspaper Advertisement Pamphlets Sign boards Posters catalogues Marketing Campaigns Price According to economic theories the price of a product determines its demand in the market, thus a firm should be able to visualise its demand for a product before setting its price so as to set a price where it is at least able to reach its break-even point. The different prices for our variants in noodles are set, although they have the same manufacturing costs involved. We have set a price for our classic noodles equivalent to the price of noodles of current market leader in noodles i-e Maggi. We have set such a price to take a share in market of those customers who are loyal towards our brand Amul, and the pricing strategy in the future years will be determined by our relative share in the market. Whereas for our Amul sweet noodles, we have set a high price in the initial stage as there is no availability of sweet noodles in the market and our product will be the first of its kind, so the people will be ready to pay higher price, consequently this can induce competition in the market, therefore we will have to revise the pricing strategy of our sweet noodles accordingly. Determination of price The Cost price is estimated at Rs 5 per 100gm per packet which includes cost of raw material, labour, duties excise , sales tax, transportation costs and cost of packaging and other indirect expenses including advertisements. The retail selling price (Mrp.) for the same will be set at Rs 9 for our classic noodles .The product will be sold to distributor at Rs 6 who will, after having the margin of 80 Paise sell it to whole seller at Rs 6.80. the whole seller will inturn sell the same to retailer at 7.50, and at last it can be purchased by the end consumer from retailer at Rs 9. Whereas our sweet noodles will have Mrp. of Rs 15 per packet, This product will be sold to distributor at Rs10 who will, after having his margin sell it to the whole seller at Rs 11.20, the whole seller will in turn sell the same to retailer at 13, and at last it can be purchased by the end consumer from retailer at Rs 15. Implementation, evaluation and control Bibliography http://www.mydigitalfc.com/companies/capital-foods-launch-ready-cook-meals-384 http://finance.indiainfo.com/2009/04/07/0904071821_nestle_to_add_maggi_variants.html www.amul.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amul http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_plan http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggi_noodles http://blogs.siliconindia.com/atuldeshpande/Celebrating_25_Years_of_Presense_Maggi_Noodles-bid-V9YZX6We51613711.html http://www.scribd.com/doc/6519321/Maggi-2-minute-noodle

Coping Mechanisms in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five Essay

People react differently to tragedies: some mourn, some speak up, and some avoid the sorrow. In Slaughterhouse-Five, Kurt Vonnegut suggests the danger and inhumanity of turning away from the discomfort by introducing Billy Pilgrim as someone who is badly affected by the aftermath of the Dresden bombing, and the Tralfamadorians as the aliens who provide an easy solution to Billy. It is simpler to avoid something as tragic as death, but Vonnegut stresses the importance of confronting it. Vonnegut, like many artists, expresses his ideas through his creations. The significance of art is not confined to helping and inspiring the general public; the process of creating art also becomes another form of coping mechanism for artists. In Slaughterhouse-Five, Vonnegut expresses one of his ideas by focusing on the emotional impact of wars, instead of historical details. Because of this, Slaughterhouse-Five has received criticism for not being an accurate account of the Dresden bombing. There is no cause and effect in the book, not even a climax that is common to making it a good work of fiction. Vonnegut puts together the novel with small episodes and scatters them throughout the book without an actual timeline – the readers are traveling with Billy being spastic in time, living in the past, the present, and the future. It is, after all, not a history book but a science fiction novel. Vonnegut clarifies the logic of the novel’s style through the Tralfamadorians, who explain to Billy the layout of their books: â€Å"There is no beginning, no middle, no end, no suspense, no moral, no causes, no effects. What we love in our books are the depths of many marvelous moments seen all at one time† (Vonne gut 112). It is clear that the Tralfamadorians... ... Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse-Five. New York: Dial. 2009. Print. Vees-Gulani, Suzanne. â€Å"Diagnosing Billy Pilgrim: A Psychiatric Approach to Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five.† Critique 44.2 (2003): 175-84. Print. Rackstraw, Loree. â€Å"The Vonnegut Cosmos.† The North American Review 267.4 (Dec. 1982): 63-67. JSTOR. Web. 25 Sept. 2011. Simpson, Josh. â€Å"‘This Promising of Great Secrets’: Literature, Ideas, and the (Re)Invention of Reality in Kurt Vonnegut’s God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater, Slaughterhouse-Five, and Breakfast of Champions Or ‘Fantasies of an Impossibly Hospitable World’: Science Fiction and Madness in Vonnegut’s Troutean Trilogy.† Critique 45.3 (2004): 261-71. Print. Grace, Gillian. â€Å"Music for a broken city: The Cellist of Sarajevo is a novel-length lament of war.† Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBC, 22 April. 2008. Web. 28 Sept. 2011.

Philosophy-Who needs it :: essays research papers

1. Is there anything you would willingly die for?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to answer the question â€Å"is there anything I would willingly die for† I would want some reassurance that what I was dying for would be successful. But without some type of guarantee it would be hard to know for sure if I would be able to complete my promise. Of course I would like to be able to say that I would die for any of my beliefs but I have to admit that if I was forced to choose dying for my religion or declaring another I would superficially accept the other religion to save my life. I would hope however that I could continue to practice my religion in secret without loosing my life. I would be willing to die for the ones I love mainly my family but in the same aspect I would want to know that my death was not in vain. When the question was posed to the class most students responded with an answer similar to my own. Many of the students stated that they would be willing to die for their family and the people they loved but when it came down to a death that did not ensure the outcome they desired many people seemed to loose their conviction. Many people did believe that they could donate a vital organ or give their life to save a loved one. As in my own mind it would be more difficult to say that you could give your life on the off chance of success. I do believe that it is much easier to say that one could die for something or someone but in truth when at the final moment of decision it would be hard to knowingly give your life. Socrates was able to give his life for his beliefs and â€Å"went willingly to his death†. The Greeks would often choose death over shame of their fellow countrymen and for centuries death (in certain circumstances) was seen as noble and brave. It all seems to come down to the fact that there is no clear-cut way to define what one would die for but that it is more a matter of questioning what it is you are dying for and how your life will change the lives of others. 4. Do you believe in God?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe in my God.

Effects of Technology on Relationships

Yana Feldman Professor Ebersole Analytical Reading and Writing 0802 November 2, 2010 Advances in Communication and Intimate Relationships Instant digital and online communication of the modern world influences love and courtship in relationships. The generations of today allow their interpersonal relationships to be formed and shaped according to the technology that is offered. This is one of the many important matters that are influenced by technology. Technology is manipulating the world with positive and negative effects; it causes scientific advancement, it affects the economy, and importantly, it changes communication between people.This change can be seen in intimate relationships. To see how communication technology has changed love as a whole, one can observe how technology has changed different types, or stages, of intimate relationships. Three possible stages are an early dating stage at which flirting and courtship occur, a marital stage in which commitment is vital, and a long-distance relationship in which a couple is temporarily separated. These stages of relationships have changed in history and will continue to adjust according to society and, of course, technology. Communication has continuously been evolving ever since language existed.Language gives the distinctive ability for the evolution of human society. Language starts at the basis of spoken words; information is conveyed through conversation aloud or written in forms of letters. Efficient communication has involved written messages even in the earliest of civilizations. Since 522 BC written messages were sent between people in the Persian Empire. For a message to travel 2000 miles, it would take 10 days for a man on a horse at a speed of 200 miles per day; clearly, there were no other options or methods to send a message such a long distance.Until much more recent centuries, the only way to speed up the transferring of a message was to speed up the messenger himself. In the 11th century messages were sent slightly faster using pigeons (Gascoigne 1). As a next big step in the 15th century, the new technology of printing was invented. It spreads so quickly that every European country soon uses this new invention. The invention of the telescope in the 17th century allows for optical signals to be sent across a longer distance (Gascoigne 1).The application of electricity to enable communication did not come until much later in the form of the static electrical telegraph in the 18th century. Another long time passed post-telegraph telecommunications technologies before the speaking telephone would be invented (Winston 28). But by the time that Queen Victoria had ended her reign in 1901, the telegraph also left its greatest days behind (Standage 1). Distant signaling by voice appeared only 2 centuries ago—a very recent advancement considering how long communication has existed (Winston 33).The telephone was invented in the late 19th century—within 20 years , 2 million telephones existed in the United States. â€Å"During Queen Victoria’s reign, a new communications technology was developed that allowed people to communicate almost instantly across great distances, in effect shrinking the world faster and further than ever before. A worldwide communications network whose cables spanned continents and oceans, it revolutionized business practice, gave rise to new forms of crime, and inundated its users with a deluge of information. Romances blossomed over the wires† (Standage 1).Finally, the 20th century brought the inventions of the radio, television, and internet into human society; another influential invention was the famous cellular phones. These inventions spread to all parts of the world generously and quickly. With internet abilities, electronic mail became an option, and soon a preference over post mail. Instant messaging, text-messaging, and video chatting are all continuing to spread. Additionally, the convergenc e of internet and cellular devices can currently allow web access anytime and anywhere (â€Å"Internet† 1).The modern day communication options are incomparable to the early civilizations’ options. Modern communication capabilities cannot even be compared to the communication 200 years ago; so much has changed. Intimacy and loving relationships have always had certain steps and stages along the way. Dating and marriage are often regarded as popular topics of discussion. One can picture ladies gossiping and journalists commenting on what women should do, on what men should do, or how both parties should act in certain situations.However, love and intimacy are also sometimes observed in a more general and objective sense. The relationships of today can be compared with each other as well as compared to equal relationship settings of the past. Early developing intimate relationships today is a very open and general topic as compared to what it once used to be. â€Å"Cour tship no longer occupies a vital place in American culture. The term itself seems quaint and outdated† (Cere 4). Some researchers believe that the traditions of courtship eroded in the 20th century.They also believe that courtship’s end caused the destabilizing of marriage in recent years (Cere 4). Research shows that a device such as a cell phone and the text messaging that it offers substitutes face-to-face communication and is killing relationships. This is vital in an early developing relationship because communication in this stage can either cause the progress or downfall of the whole relationship. Interestingly, researchers have found that the reason men and women spend so much time on the Internet is because of the easy communication management and the environmental control that is offered.Particularly for the early stages of developing relationships, internet communication and other technological forms do not have any benefits (Kasallis). While research shows t hat text messages can be endearing and sweet for couples to interact and communicate, men and women may develop opposite opinions about the issue of text messaging. It seems that because text messaging (along with some other new technology) is so new, ground rules have not yet been established in the etiquette of the text message, and so for this reason these new technologies have had such pressure on early dating and flirting relationships (Pressner 1).In addition to the effects of text messaging and online communication to already developed intimate relationships, there is the whole issue of relationships that have been created in cyber ways. Social networks, such as Twitter and Facebook, offer the communication between old and new acquaintances. Yet today’s technology does not nearly end there; in addition to such online social locations for communication, couples and singles are offered with online dating services, such as Match. com and eHarmony.Such online services (now also accessible on cellular devices ever since the Cell and Internet convergence) are lacking reality and are artificial. Yet this does not stop men and women. In fact, the disconnectedness often attracts their attention and is tempting and addicting. Another stage of relationships is marriage. The marital stage is considered the most committed and based on emotional attachment. In this stage, the couple is considered dedicated and can be referred to as family members; the couple can also bear children. Research shows that marriage, partially due to the previous dating stage, has also changed in recent times.In the past, the â€Å"courtship† dating stage set clear ground for marriage as a next step. Since early dating is affected in modern day, marriage is not regarded as the next conceivable step. Also with technology changes, divorce laws have changed, allowing marriages to end with no faults, and opening more options to couples. â€Å"Many of the essential features of lo ve as courtship — the longing for permanence, the desire to donate the self to another — must, in the economists’ story of courtship, be either submerged into contract theory or dismissed altogether as irrational† (Cere 10).The effects of online communication and text messaging on marriage are observed as well; with both positive and negative effects. Noticeably, a little free time along with the internet is possibly harmful and damaging to a married couple. With services on the internet such as dating, social networks, and pornography, a dedicated husband or wife could get carried away. Such services are easily accessed, easy to use, and emotionally easy to handle because no work is required to be put in as with a husband or a wife.Nevertheless, other researchers say that marriage has been made easier in recent years due to the interconnectedness. A husband or wife can always send an email, make a phone call, or even easier—send a text message to o ne another. With this ability, there appears yet another aspect: married couples do not experience the love and desire for each other when not together (Sahlstein 1). A simple phone call can eliminate any feelings the couple has of missing one another or of desire for the other. With such quick digital communication today there is less of this excitement as in previous years.A third type of a relationship is a long-distance relationship. A simple example of such a couple is when the husband must leave for the military for long periods of time. In the internet age today, this long distance relationship is aided by such programs like Skype. A couple can not only send quick e-mails, it can talk on the phone, send instant messages, and video chat. This is somewhat of a revolution in comparison to relationships even a hundred years ago. Long distance relationships have had problems in all cultures and times.Since beginning of history, long distance relationships was a matter that was avo ided at all costs. Yet in today’s world, technology has definitely benefited this form of intimate relationship, allowing a couple to stay in touch in numerous ways. Most interestingly, studies show that in such a relationship, being together and being apart mutually allow and constrain on another in multiple ways (Sahlstein 1). Modern society is enhancing and providing this ability for long-distance romantic partners to feel connected and still be separated at the same time.The technology, particularly for communication enhancement, has changed probably the most in recent years causing changes and adjustments in all areas. Relationships and interpersonal communication is just one area that is currently affected, and it is not yet clear if it for the ultimate better or the eventual downfall of intimacy between men and women. In dating, marriage, and long-distance relationships, the effects of communication technology are currently observable. However, new technology is being developed and new standards are being set; and so, one may only wonder where intimate relationships will end up next. New problems may arise, as they always do in time; yet with such an instinctive and desired emotion of love, humans and their relationships will have the ability to prevail.Works Cited Cere, Dan. â€Å"The Experts’ Story of Courtship. † Institute for American Values. 2000. 01 November 2010. . Gascoigne, Bamber. â€Å"History of Communication† HistoryWorld. 2001. 01 November 2010. . Kasallis, Theresa. â€Å"Text messaging affects student relationships. † Universe. 5 Jul 2006. 01 November 2010. . Perlman, Daniel. Intimate Relationships. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Humanities Social, 2008. Pressner, Amanda. Can love blossom in a text message? † USA Today. 29 January 2006. 01 November 2010. . Sahlstein, Erin M. â€Å"Relating at a distance: Negotiating being together and being apart in long-distance relationships. † Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. 2010. 01 November 2010. . Standage, Tom. The Victorian Internet. New York: Walker Publishing, 2000. Winston, Brian. Media technology and society: a history: from the telegraph to the Internet. New York: Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2003. â€Å"Internet. † Encyclop? dia Britannica. 2010. Encyclop? dia Britannica Online. 01 Nov. 2010 .

What are the advantages and disadvantages of slow food and fast food?

The expression ‘slow food' has recently been used in opposition ‘fast food'. What are the advantages and disadvantages of both types of food? Do you think that cooking is an important part of life or a waste of time? How do you feel about the arrival of multinational restaurants like McDonald's? What should people eat to be healthy? What have you heard of organic food that is becoming increasingly popular in Europe? Do you eat properly? It is true that a lot of people today prefer eating takeaways and fast food to traditional, home-cooked food, which is often called ‘slow food'. Fast food chains like McDonalds are opening up in every nook and corner of the world, attracting people of all ages, especially the children and youth. Fast food restaurants are extremely popular because people are always in a hurry, so they head towards fast food restaurants to save their time. Quickness, cheapness, convenience, and good taste of food are main reasons that determine the popularity of fast food restaurants. I don't see anything bad in them unless eating there becomes a habit. I think that eating fast food is problematic for a number of reasons. Firstly, in today's fast paced life, it might be very convenient to buy food that is ready to eat, fast food restaurant can serve you a meal within 10 minutes and after finishing your meal, you do not waste your time doing the washing-up. Saving your time is an evident advantage of fast food. But because the food is already cooked and needs to last longer, it will contain preservatives and additives. These substances are usually artificial and some people are allergic to them. Secondly, fast food might be tasty, but if you eat a lot of fast food and takeaways, you are probably not eating a very balanced diet. This is because many types of fast food and takeaways contain a lot of fat and not much fibre. Sodas and burgers are high in fat, sugar and salt. They provoke obesity, diabetes, and other chronic illnesses. A piece of fish that is fried and a large portion of chips are not as good for you as steamed fish and rice, for example. In addition, people who eat a lot of fast food and takeaways are not learning to cook at home. I think cooking is an important part of life, it is not only what you do to make a meal, it is also a creative and social skill. It is fun to learn to make a meal with a friend or member of the family. It can also make you feel good if you cook a good meal for other people. The advantages of slow food are evident. It is much healthier than fast food, and therefore, people can enjoy eating their meals without thinking of health problems. Nevertheless, slow food has some disadvantages. It needs a lots of time until it is ready. For instance, you should wait for several hours in order to have a ready home-made meal or you may not find all the ingredients you need in one grocery and have to look in several groceries until you find all the ingredients. And, of course, slow food requires some cooking skills. What should people eat to be healthy? A healthy diet must be composed of foods that provide your body with the vitamins and minerals it needs to function. Dairy products, such as cheese and yogurt, whole grains, lean meat and fish are essential components of a balanced diet. To keep our diet healthy we should include plenty of fruits and vegetables and limit the use of products made of white flour. Eating smaller servings of food more frequently instead of three large meals is preferable. We should include healthy monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats from olive oil, almonds and salmon and limit salt and sugar. More and more people today are switching to organic food that is food grown under natural conditions (without the use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, or herbicides; and either not processed, or processed without the use of additives). It is better in quality than conventional food and as a result is higher in price. However, organic food is becoming popular in spite of the higher prices. As for me, I can't say I eat properly. I am a student. I have to get up early and need to hurry not to be late for my classes. As a result I skip breakfast. I have a bite later at the University cafeteria. Usually it consists of sugary snacks, pastry, potato chips, sausages and salads with mayonnaise. My meals are not complete without sugary drinks such as carbonated fruit beverages, sweetened coffee or tea. I know that it isn't good for me but I can't help it. I can't go to the canteen to have lunch because of short breaks between the lessons. The study suggests that I am very likely to grab food. I lack the time to cook myself a decent meal due to the amount of studying required. So I am an unhealthy food eater.

Mongolian architecture

The roof of Mongolia architecture goes back to very remote times. Ancient constructions, early complexes of men's burials which date eve from the Stone, Bronze and Early-Iron Ages are found in Mongolia. In the first millennium of our era a series of states emerged on the territory of the Central Asia replacing each other. The ruins of settlements, fortresses, palaces and strongholds of the periods can be found even today. Until now about 200 such monuments have been discovered in Mongolia.The emergence, the rise and the decline of these cities reflect the natural development and features of Nomadic Architecture. Gear (Yurt), the principal and classical dwelling of Mongolia's was ideally adapted to the nomadic way of life, and was widely spread among Trick and Mongol language tribes. Scholars relate its origin to the history of cattle breeding. The basic structure of Gear (yurt) has remained the same throughout the centuries with little modifications. The Mongolia gear (yurt) has two key components: the wooden frame work and the felt cover.The wooden wall shell is called khan†, the upper wooden poles (measuring 1. 5-3 meters) are â€Å"nun† the central supporting two columns are known as â€Å"began† and the uppermost smoke hole is â€Å"ton†, but can be closed with flaps in case of storm or rain. This opening brings sunshine and fresh air straight into the extra-ordinary roomy adobe. There is a long-rooted tradition that Mongolia's erect their gear with its door facing to the south. Gear Interior Anural interior/ According to Rasher-ad-Din, a medieval Persian historian, about 1000 gear-families formed a â€Å"Krueger†.The written sources on the history of the Mongolia Empire state that Mongolia's used â€Å"gurgles†, or gear-carts of a large size, and places on cart- commissaries. Images of gurgles are often found on rock-paintings of the Bronze Age, and t can be assumed that gurgles existed since the early times. In the medieval era large geris of kings and nomadic chieftains were on special wheeled floors and were dragged by a number of oxen. Wilhelm Roebuck, a French traveler, who visited Mongolia in 1253, wrote that such dwellings were made in a large form, and the width between the wheels of a Cambridge was 20 feet or 6 meters.He counted 22 oxen pulling one gear-Cambridge. The Iron bushes from wheels of 8 to 21 centimeters in diameter found recently during the excavations of Sharking, the XIII century capital city of the Mongolia Empire have infirmed the traveler's report. The size and the carrying capacity of such commissaries required engineer skill to ensure comfort, safety and lightness as meaner of conveyance. The system of disposition of nomadic tribes' dwellings and stands, the form and construction of geris and commissaries were passed on from generation to generation.This, naturally, influenced the planning of town-building and the development of Mongolia architecture, inseparable wit h the history of national culture. The historical sources indicate that the steppe aristocrats, besides the regular gear, also used â€Å"rod-urge' (gear-headquarters) for thousands of people. Of an interest is the observation of Plano Carping, and Italian, who participated in the ceremonies of Gymkhana's enthronement in the Palace of Guide Khan located on the of Tamari river. In his book â€Å"The History of Mongolia's† he wrote,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Large marquee of bright red color was erected and it was so big that over 2000 people could go in. There were about 4000 envoys present†¦ And around the marquee a wooden fence was built, which was decorated with different images†¦ 2000 tents were put on near the fence. † He also wrote about existence of settled palaces both in central and northern parts of Mongolia. These geris and marquees were of a simplified model and construction of nomadic architecture testified by time. The distinguishing feature was the simplici ty of assembling and disassembling system.The decorations and ornaments of these geris also were drawn in colors on silk, brocade, felt and skin. The tradition of building geris, temples and fences, using such ornaments and decorations continued till the beginning of the XX century. The requirement for the development of economy, culture, trade, handicraft, and metallurgy promoted the building of settlements, and stability of the State was accompanied by prosperity of cities, increase of settled inhabitants in number and engagement in agriculture.Construction of Sharking, the capital city of the Mongolia Empire, played an important role in monumental architecture not only of the XIII century, but also in the history of the ancient Mongolia architecture as a whole. According to the eye-witness information, the city was surrounded by a wall with four gates, and the gates were separated 3 miles from one another. There were 12 different cult constructions in the city. One of the greates t sights was five-tier Buddhist temple, built in 1256. Its height was chichi (1 chi equals to 0. 31 meter) and the width 7 Khan or 22 meters.On the ground floor there were niches where the statues of different deities were kept. All these constructions together with the khan's palace, military-metallurgic base, garrisons, agricultural areas, Babushka and Chinese rows of stalls made up a whole city, an administrative capital. Sharking served as the capital city for 40 years out of 148 years of its existence. The invasion of the city by Chinese military forces and intestine wars among the Mongolia feudal badly destroyed the city. The city was robbed and burnt down many times in the course of 200 years.Long before when Saukville-khan moved the capital city to Changeably (present Peking), the palace â€Å"Tune-Abyssinians† was built in Sharking by Guide-khan in its hey day of prosperity side by side with the five-tier Buddhist temple and other solid buildings. This palace is cons idered to be the father of Mongolia monumental architecture. The disposition of walls, the arrangement of window opening provided the large hall with illumination and ventilation. The tradition of nomadic germ's structure and the planning of Skidpan's constructions, I. The tradition of great steppes' centric conception can be discovered from the architectural composition of this palace. The palace silver tree-fountain erected by a Parisian craftsman Wilhelm draws a great interest, as it represents the real wonder of art and mechanics of those times. The volumetric-spatial structure and architectural d ©core of the palace were made in line with the technical methods mastered for centuries. Mongolia marquee Mongolia khans used to have several residences, both settled and nomadic, called as â€Å"buy ardor† (palaces-stands).The residences of Chinning Khan were in the Asian of Dull, Selenga, Hanoi and Eider rivers. â€Å"Arguing Ardor† or Arguing Palace was in Delude-bul ldog locality by Kernel river. The palace kept protected, revered and restored for hundreds of years after Chinning Khan. With the passage of time the capital cities or mobile stands of steppe khans formed a unique system of settled and nomadic town building. The medieval cities of Mongolia were multi-functional town building formations appeared under certain historical conditions, and uniquely combining the structure of nomadic and settled organization of life. Palace Bog Khan

Counselors as companions and Ethnics in human Services report Essay

From Tragedy to Triumph: Counselor as Companion on the Hero’s Journey By: Richard W. Halstead The ethical standards for the human service professionals from the national organization of human service professionals. Some things that I believe that the counselor has learned from Steve are never say what a person with a disability can’t do. Also I think he learned that may impaired people tend to look at being normal like everyone else instead of pushing toward a goal in life and becoming successful with it. Another thing that I think the counselor learned from Steve was that never judge anyone by the disability of a person, because they can accomplish anything in life that they put their minds to. Some of the counselor’s behaviors that may have changed since working with Steve is that he learned that many people that have come in contact with a problem can overcome obstacles in many different way and that never thing a person with a disability can’t achieve something that he wants in life. Also after the talk with the psychiatrist, the counselor started using his thinking skills more. As it said in paragraph seven on the second page of this article,† The Psychiatrist had, unwittingly, provided me (The counselor) with what I thought might serve to propel Steve to the next milestone on his journey†. (Halstead Richard W. Pg2). It made the counselor want to encourage Steve even more to achieve his goal and prove the doctors wrong. I really do think that the people I come in contact with change me in some way by making me really see what is going on with them and make me determine to help them overcome that obstacle in life. Also it makes me want to be there for them more to help them, because nobody should have to go through a problem alone. When you help someone in life like it says on page one of this article, the counselor had met Steve who was struggling to regain a life taken a way, the counselor was confronted with trying to understand his role in the process, and over time they both found their way through the problem. (Halstead, Richard W. Pg1). We as people in the human service field will have several different problems that we run in to with our clients and we have to use our critical thinking skill and our references that we have to help that person through their problems as well as learn from our work. Steve was changed as a result of this relationship by determining that being normal wasn’t as important as achieving his goal of getting a college degree in his field that he had chosen. Everyone isn’t normal and we should try to work towards being normal, we should try and work towards our goals just like Steve can to realize. Steve has benefited from this relationship tremendously with the help of the counselor and the principle of the college he was able to finish school 5 years later, but he had his degree under his belt, as well as being offered a job writing and helping other people through their problems as well. One ethnical issue that may lead me as a human service professional to review the ethical standards would be that a client is recently diagnosed with the HIV virus. He is very upset and crying his eyes out wanting to commit suicide and threatens to kill the guy that he thinks gave it to him before he does. How I can resolve any ethical concerns is by looking in the ethical standards and look over what its say to do in a case like this, but on the other hand try to calm the client down and give him as much support and help needed by weighing out the outcomes of the situation. Also I would look up something using my reference skills that could maybe ease him a little about the situation and make him think different. On the other hand me as a psychologist I have to refer to the ethical standards for human services professions and take the stand. In the ethical standards for human service professionals it states under statements three and four that me as a human service professionals have to keep the clients information confidential with others that, but have to breech the confidentiality of the client and consider seeking supervision because the client is trying to harm himself as well as others. The national organization of human services ethical standards are very important to follow as I begin to work with individuals, families, groups, and communities, because it will tell me what I need to do if I feel there is something that could take place and how to go about doing it as well. References 1. Halstead, R. W. (2000). From Tragedy to Triumph: Counselor as Companion on the Hero’s Journey. Counseling & Values, 44(2), 100. 2. National Organization of Human Service Professionals.Ethical Standards for the Human Service Professionals.Retrieved from: http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/ethical-standards-for-hs-professionals.

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 55

Case study - Essay Example In addition, active care will mean routine patient evaluation of circulatory status with exercise and at rest. From the active multidisciplinary approach, Mr. P will reduce hospitalization incidents that result to increased hospital costs that have ended up depressing his wife. Since Mr. P demonstrates some degree of clinical instability, further medical therapy is required following evidence-based guidelines. Through active care clinic visits, Mr. P’s condition is manageable through the use of antidiuretics and fluid sodium restrictions with the therapeutically intention of treating edema and restoration of extracellular fluid compartment to normal (Cooper, 2011, p. 21). Proper management of Mr. P’s edema will contribute greatly in eliminating shortness of breath or labored breathing. In addition, the use of antidiuretics will promote Mr. P’s response to drugs like ACE inhibitors and beta blockers that are approved for managing patients with cardiomyopathy that results to systolic dysfunction of the heart’s left ventricle. However, patients demonstrating intolerance to ACE drugs require additional Isosorbide dinitrate and Hydralazine hydrochloride or Angiotensin II receptor blockade (Costantini, Boyd, Huck, Carlson, & Buchers, 2001, p. 178) Daily weight checks are essential in ensuring that the Mr. P does not have any weight changes due to fluid retention which is also reflected in shortness of breath and moist crackles on lungs. The best way to identify weight gain will be to know Mr. P’s dry weight or weight taken in the absence of edema. Mr. P will be trained on how to calculate his weight gain by subtracting his presently measured weight from the dry weight. (Costantini, Boyd, Huck, Carlson, & Buchers, 2001). Since he is managing edema, the resulting difference is expected to decrease with the right patient compliance. For both Mr. P

The Nature of Reconstruction in African American History Essay

The Nature of Reconstruction in African American History - Essay Example   African Americans participated in huge numbers in the war as soldiers either enslaved by the confederate rulers or as loyalists to the Northern states due to their denouncement of slavery. The northern states, known as the Union, won the war in 1865 with the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee at McLean House Virginia. With the victory of North, and their policy of emancipation was universally implemented in the entire country. This along with other political and social measures taken in the aftermath of the civil war for reconstruction of the war struck areas and to ensure the integration of freedmen in the society are collectively referred to as reconstruction. As mentioned earlier, the reconstruction refers to the steps taken by the federal government to counter the effects of Civil War, specifically on the former Confederate States and on the freedmen. There were various objectives of the reconstruction initiated by the then President Abraham Lincoln and the Republ ican Congress in 1863. An administrative and political structure had to be re-established in the southern states which lost the war. Moreover, their incorporation in the Union itself, and the congress was also to be carried out in the long term. Moreover, even after the war ended, there was a huge following of the ex-Confederate leaders in the nationalist white men of the southern states (Horton, 2005). The status of the Confederate leadership had to be decided in order to avoid any conflict or chaos. Another, rather more serious, issue was to decide the social, economic and political rights of the freedmen under the constitution. Most important of them was the question that whether or not the freedmen should be given the right to vote. Hence, the reconstruction can be thought of as political, social, economic, legal and administrative restructuring of the southern states by the President and the Congress. There were two different approaches followed by the Union politicians during the Reconstruction era. The office of the president, under Abraham Lincoln, and after his death by Andrew Johnson, resorted mostly to administrative measures to avoid conflict, and contain the chaos caused by southern nationalists over the above-mentioned issues. The policy of both presidents was very lenient towards the southern states and ex-Confederate politicians. They wanted the Reunion of Southern States with the federal government as early as possible. Starting from 1862, military governors were appointed in ten out of eleven states which exercised administrative and legal powers. At that time, it was decided that these governors would give way to a political set up when at least ten percent of the white men in a state vowed allegiance to the Union and also accept the declaration of emancipation (the Ten Percent Plan). The states were then allowed to elect their own governor and legislative assembly and write a new constitution embodying concepts of emancipation and federatio n. These measures proved to be very effective in the immediate control of the riots, which had broken in the southern states.